{"id":8446,"date":"2023-01-20T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-20T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/?p=8446"},"modified":"2023-01-18T12:28:35","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T18:28:35","slug":"the-effect-of-coaches-leadership-behaviors-on-athletes-emotion-regulation-strategies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-effect-of-coaches-leadership-behaviors-on-athletes-emotion-regulation-strategies\/","title":{"rendered":"The Effect of Coaches’ Leadership Behaviors on Athletes’ Emotion Regulation Strategies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors:<\/strong> Adem Solakumur1<\/sup>, Ahmet, N. Dilek2<\/sup>, Yilmaz Unlu3<\/sup> and Murat Kul4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1Department of Sports Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, The University of Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal, Bolu, Turkey
2Department of Sports Recreation, Faculty of Sport Sciences, The University of Bartin, Bartin, Turkey
3Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, The University of Bartin, Bartin, Turkey
4Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, The University of Bayburt, Bayburt, Turkey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corresponding Author:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adem Solakumur, Ph.D
Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports,
University of Abant Izzet Baysal, Golkoy Kampusu, 14030, Bolu\/TURKEY
orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-7912
Office Phone: +903742534571
mobile phone: +90 505 933 1502
Fax: +90 374 2534636
Email: adem.solakumur@ibu.edu.tr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Adem Solakumur, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Department of Physical Education at the University of Abant Izzet Baysal, His research interests focus on sports management and psycho-social issues.
(2) Ahmet Naci Dilek, Ph.D., is a researcher in the field of social relations and recreational activities.
(3)Y\u0131lmaz \u00dcnl\u00fc, Ph.D., is a researcher in the field of Social Relations and Sport Management.
(4) Murat Kul is associate professor in Sports Management and Physical Education at the Bayburt University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Effect of Coaches’ Leadership Behaviors on Athletes’ Emotion Regulation Strategies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Purpose<\/strong>: There are various studies that show that the attitudes and behaviours of sports stakeholders (e.g., coaches, supporters, managers, etc.) have positive and negative consequences on the emotion regulation strategies of athletes. In these studies, there is not enough evidence to reveal the effect of the leadership behaviors of the coaches who interact and direct the athlete, who is the subject of the sport, Specifically, there is not enough evidence to indicate the impact of leadership behaviors on the emotional states of the athletes. Therefore, this research examines the effect of four dimensions of coaches’ leadership behaviors (e.g., educational and supportive, democratic, explanatory and rewarding, and autocratic) on athletes’ emotional regulation strategies (e.g., suppression and cognitive reappraisal). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theoretical background<\/strong>: The research is supported by the theory of \u201cMultidimensional Sports Leadership.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods<\/strong>: In order to collect data in the research, the “Leadership Scale for Sports” and “Emotion Regulation Scale” were used together with a personal information form. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were applied to determine the relationships between variables. The data were obtained from a total of 378 athletes including 168 women and 210 men. A survey was used as part of a field study on participating athletes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Findings<\/strong>: “Autocratic” leadership behaviors of the coaches positively predicted the “Suppression” strategy of the athletes. Additionally, explanatory and autocratic leadership behaviors of coaches predict the “Cognitive Reappraisal ” strategy of the athletes in a positive way. \u201cAutocratic\u201d leadership behaviors of coaches positively predicted the “Suppression” strategy of the athletes. Additionally, \u201cExplanatory and Autocratic\u201d leadership behaviors of coaches predict the “Cognitive Reappraisal ” strategy of the athletes in a positive way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Results<\/strong>: Trainers, by considering how leadership behaviors can positively affect the emotion regulation strategies of the athletes can create a healthy sports environment that will support sportive performance and success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Suppression, Cognitive Reappraisal, leadership<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Today, besides its individual effects, sport is a social institution that significantly influences, directs, and builds social dynamics and has a strong organizational structure. This social institution has a wide sports circle that includes many individuals, institutions, and organizations represented by athletes, fans, managers, trainers, material suppliers, owners, legal committees, etc.
There are interactions at various levels between these stakeholders who make up the environment of sports that on prioritizes the athletes. It is argued that the interaction between the coaches and athletes as well as among the many stakeholders of the sporting environment, has various effects on the sportive performance and success of the athlete (15, 19, 38, 40, 43,47).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


In addition to the athletic abilities and field knowledge of trainers, human relations and leadership characteristics also play a critical role in their interactions with athletes (10, 34). A coach with effective leadership behavior should be able to see the multi-factor structures that affect the success and performance of the athlete while also guiding the athlete in a timely manner and enabling him or her to deal with difficulties and problems effectively. The coach should cooperate with the family and other stakeholders to manage the various emotions experienced by the athlete during the sports processes. In addition to that expectation and knowing the psycho-social characteristics of the athlete, the coach should create the right approach and communication channels to correctly direct the emotional fluctuations, excitement levels, and anxiety of the athlete (4, 42). To cope with these complex tasks, coaches must identify the needs of the athletes, understand their motivational styles, and use appropriate strategies in a conducive, honest, and collaborative environment. For this reason, coaches should exhibit leadership behaviors appropriate to the process and have the right leadership knowledge and attitude toward various personal and environmental situations (58).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Relationship between leadership behaviors and emotion regulation strategies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


According to the leader-member exchange theory, leadership is an emotional and social interaction process that focuses on interactions between leaders and subordinates (21). Leadership, the principle of which is to arouse emotion in followers (14), is a process in which everything a leader says or does affects his followers (59). The \u201cMultidimensional Sport Leadership Model\u201d also attributes the effectiveness of the leader in sports to the harmonious interaction between the leader and the situational characteristics of the group members (12). Leaders are those who can manage their own emotions as well as manage the emotional states of others effectively (29, 44). These approaches show that leadership depends on effective leader-member interaction by addressing the positive and negative relationships that leaders have with their followers (45). The healthy communication that the coaches will establish with the athletes in the sportive process is of great importance as it affects the attempts of the athletes to regulate their emotions (6,52).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


If a coach’s leadership behavior is consistent with the athletes’ perceptions of their coach (for example, preferred, necessary, and real), positive sports performance and satisfaction are likely to occur (36). This situation affects the emotions and performance of the athletes, revealing cognitive, motivational, and physical results (34). The inability of an athlete with a high level of anxiety to perform at an optimum level indicates the effect of emotions on the sportive process (56). A mistake made during the competition, a lost or won point, and interactions with teammates, coaches, or spectators can cause rapid emotional transitions in athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Emotion regulation refers to the process of which emotions individuals have, and when and how they experience these emotions (22). Individuals generally reduce negative emotional experiences and increase positive emotions with regulation techniques (33). In other words, an individual\u2019s ability to cope with negative emotions and reduce the negative consequences of these emotions is achieved through the emotion regulation process (7, 13, 28, 55). Emotion regulation strategy has two sub-dimensions including \u201ccognitive reappraisal and suppression.\u201d Cognitive emotion regulation is the ability to control, evaluate, and find solutions to problematic emotions through cognitive processes (37) cognitive responses to emotional stimuli (1), and through cognitive coping ability (18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Another regulation strategy is “suppression” which is to prevent the expression of emotions. Suppression, which is one of the response-oriented emotion regulation strategies, is about reducing or changing the emotion after the emotion occurs. A person either hides or reduces his\/her positive and negative feelings while struggling with the difficulties he\/she experiences, or he\/she reacts to these feelings at a lower level (31). Frequent use of the suppression strategy causes the person to feel bad, have negative emotions and depression, weaken their social interaction, cause a negative reaction to the interacted environment, and cool down interpersonal relationships (20, 31).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Emotion regulation is a key competence associated with effective and good leadership. Leaders who use the emotion regulation process effectively on themselves and their subordinates contribute more to organizational efficiency by being more successful in communication (8, 28, 32, 55). Emotional images of trainers (2), emotional content of conversations (57), and emotional intelligence (53) affect the emotion regulation strategies of athletes.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the literature is examined, it is seen that studies on emotion regulation in sports focus on athletes’ emotional expressions, their emotion regulation strategies, and health and performance (27, 39). Various studies involving a coach, supporter, manager, etc. show that the attitudes and behaviors of sports stakeholders have positive and negative consequences on the emotion regulation strategies of athletes. In these studies, there is not enough evidence to reveal the effect of the leadership behaviors of the coaches who interact with and direct the athlete. Nor does evidence indicate the impact of the leader behavior on the emotional states of athletes. Therefore, this research examines the effect of coaches’ leadership behaviors (e.g., educational and supportive, democratic, explanatory and rewarding, or autocratic) on the emotional regulation strategies of athletes (e.g., suppression and Cognitive reappraisal).
It is thought that the results of the research will guide sports managers, trainers, and those working in the field to better serve athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In this study, the collection and analysis of the data were made using quantitative methods Survey method was applied to obtain primary data in the empirical study. The survey model was used to obtain primary data which was conducted as a field study. The conceptual model of the research is presented in Figure 1.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

The following hypotheses have been proposed for this model.<\/em>
H1a: Coaches’ educative and supportive leadership style has an impact on suppression strategy.
H1b: Coaches’ democratic leadership style has an impact on suppression strategy.
H1c: The explanatory and rewarding leadership style of the coaches has an effect on the suppression strategy.
H1d: Coaches’ autocratic leadership style has an impact on suppression strategy.
H2a: Coaches’ educative and supportive leadership style has an effect on cognitive reappraisal strategy.
H2b: Coaches’ democratic leadership style has an effect on cognitive reappraisal strategy.
H2c: The explanatory and rewarding leadership style of the coaches has an effect on the cognitive reappraisal strategy.
H2d: Coaches’ autocratic leadership style has an impact on the cognitive reappraisal strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Participants<\/em>
The research was carried out in the provinces of Sakarya, Bolu and in the western black sea region of Turkey. Adequate sample selection from the universe was determined as ten participants per item were included to the study. The data were obtained by convenience sampling technique. 185 individual and 193 team athletes participated in the research. A total of 378 athletes, 168 women and 210 men, over the age of 15, who trained with coaches for at least one season as licensed, participated in the research.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethical Approval<\/em>
Written approval (Ref No: 12.08.2022-83231\/176-09) was obtained from Bayburt University Ethics Committee for this study.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Procedures<\/em>
The \u201cLeadership for Sports Scale\u201d developed by 1980 Chelladurai and Saleh (9) and adapted into Turkish by 2008 G\u00fcng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f et al., (26) was used to measure the athlete’s perceptions of coaches’ leadership behaviors. The scale, which explains 38% of the total variance, consists of 34 items and 4 dimensions (12 items for educational and supportive behavior, 10 items for democratic behavior, 7 items for explanatory and rewarding behavior, and 5 items for autocratic behavior).<\/p>\n\n\n\n


The Cronbach Alpha reliability value of the scale used in this study; The educational and supportive behavior was determined as \u201c0.93\u201d, the democratic behavior as \u201c0.92\u201d, the explanatory and rewarding behavior as \u201c0.87\u201d, the autocratic behavior as \u201c0.85\u201d and the total scale was determined as \u201c0.94\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


In addition, the “Emotion Regulation Scale” developed by 2003 Gross and John (24) to determine the emotion regulation strategies of athletes and whose psychometric properties were examined in Turkish by 2021 Tingaz et al., (54), was used. The scale, which explains 53.66% of the total variance, consists of 8 items and two dimensions (Cognitive rearrangement, Suppression).The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability values of the scale used in study were determined as “0.67” for the “Cognitive Reappraisal” sub-dimension and “0.72” for the “Suppress
ion sub-dimension”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Data Collection and Data Analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Some of the data were obtained through Google form and some were obtained through face-to-face survey applications. Among the data obtained from 390 athletes, the data of 12 athletes were decided to be excluded as they did not meet sampling suitability criteria, contained incomplete information, created extreme value, and did not meet Mahalanobis multiple normality criteria. The data of the remaining 378 participants were analyzed using the SPSS 24 statistical program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


In the study, the distribution of the data on the demographic characteristics of the athletes is shown with frequency and percentage. Interaction situations between dependent and independent variables were tested with multiple regression analysis. The linear relationship between the dependent and \u0131ndependent variables was tested with the correlation test. Statistical significance value (p<0.05) was interpreted based on the criterion (see Table 1 and 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1. \u201cCLB\u201d and \u201cAERS\u201d Skewness and Kurtosis Values<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leadership scale sub-dimensions <\/td>Number of Items<\/td>N<\/td>Minimum<\/td>Maximum<\/td>Mean<\/td>Skewness<\/td>Kurtosis<\/td><\/tr>
Educational and supportive <\/td>12<\/td>378<\/td>2.50 <\/td>5.00 <\/strong><\/td>4.47 <\/td>-1.060<\/td>0.497<\/td><\/tr>
Democratic behavior <\/td>10<\/td>378<\/td>1.30<\/td>5.00 <\/td>4.03 <\/td>-0.804 <\/td>0.142<\/td><\/tr>
Descriptive and rewarding 7 <\/td> 7<\/td>378<\/td>2.29 <\/td> 5.00 <\/td>4.48 <\/td>-1.207 <\/td>1.362<\/td><\/tr>
Autocratic behavior <\/td> 5<\/td>378<\/td> 1.00 <\/td>5.00 <\/td>2.56 <\/td>0.536 <\/td>-0.612<\/td><\/tr>
Emotion regulation Scale sub-dimensions<\/td>Number of Items<\/td>N<\/td>Minimum <\/td>Maximum <\/td>Mean <\/td>Skewness <\/td>Kurtosis<\/td><\/tr>
Cognitive reappraisal <\/td> 4<\/td>378 <\/td>2.00 <\/td>7.00 <\/td>5.35 <\/td>-0.694 <\/td>0.669<\/td><\/tr>
Repression<\/td> 4<\/td>378 <\/td>1.00 <\/td>7.00 <\/td>4.21<\/td>-0.152<\/td>-0.720<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

According to Table 1, the skewness and kurtosis values of the sub-dimensions are between (+1.5 and -1.5). It can be said that the data provides the normality distribution (51).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2. Correlation Test Results Between Variables<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repression<\/td><\/td><\/td>Cognitive
Reappraisal<\/td>		Supportive<\/td>Democratic<\/td>Explanatory<\/td>Autocratic<\/td><\/tr>
Pearson Correlation<\/td>Repression<\/td>1.000<\/td>,232***<\/td>-,146<\/td>-,057<\/td>-,099<\/td>,417<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Cognitive
Reappraisal<\/td>		,232**<\/td>1,000<\/td>,131<\/td>,157<\/td>,205<\/td>,110<\/td><\/tr>
P<\/td>Repression<\/td>.<\/td>,000<\/td>,002<\/td>,133<\/td>,027<\/td>,000<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Cognitive
Reappraisal<\/td>		,000<\/td>.<\/td>,005<\/td>,001<\/td>,000<\/td>,017<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In Table 2, “democratic leadership” was excluded from the model since there was no statistically significant relationship between democratic leadership and suppression strategy (11). Since the correlation coefficients of the independent variables are below 0.9, it can be said that there is no multicollinearity between the independent variables. It has been determined that the VIF (between 1.035 and 3.114) and Tolerance (between .321 and .966) values are in the appropriate range, that is, they do not show multiple co-linearity problems. Also, Normality of differences\/residues; The histogram distribution was evaluated according to the Normal P-P Chart and the scatter plot, and it was found that it showed a distribution close to the normal distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Findings<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Findings regarding the descriptive statistics of the data obtained in this part of the study are presented with tables (see Table 3 and 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 3. The Effects of Leadership Behavior Dimensions on Athletes\u2019 Suppression Strategy \u2013 Multiple Regression Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

According to Table 3, the relationship model between the leadership behaviors of the coaches and the suppression level of the emotion regulation dimensions of the athletes is statistically significant (F (3,374) = 27,515 p<0.00). Leadership behaviors of their coaches is explaining the suppression strategy by 17% (R= .425; R2=0.174). When the table is examined, it is seen that only the effect of autocratic leadership behavior on the suppression strategy is positive and statistically significant (\u03b2 = .404; p<0.000), while the effect of other dimensions is meaningless (\u03b2 = -.079; -.006 p>0.000). Therefore, the H1d hypothesis was accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 4. The Effect of Coaches\u2019 Leadership Behaviors on Athletes\u2019 Cognitive Reappraisal Strategy \u2013 Multiple Regression Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

In Table 4, it is seen that the relationship model between the dimensions of the leadership behaviors of the coaches and the cognitive reevaluation level of the athletes, which is one of the emotional regulation dimensions, is statistically significant (F (4,373)<\/sub> = 5,943 p<0.00). The findings show that the descriptive and autocratic leadership behavior, which is one of the dimensions that make up the leadership behaviors of coaches, has a positive and statistically significant effect on the \u201cCognitive Reappraisal\u201d strategy (\u03b2 = ,221; \u03b2 = ,121; p<0,000). Accordingly, the independent variable leadership sub-dimensions explain the cognitive reappraisal strategy of the athletes at a rate of 5% (R=.245, R2=.05). Therefore, H2c and H2d hypothesis was accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In the research, the autocratic leadership behavior was exhibited by the coaches while the \u201csuppression\u201d and \u201ccognitive re-evaluation\u201d emotion regulation strategy was apparent among athletes. It was also found that the explanatory\/rewarding leadership behavior of the coaches had a positive and significant effect on the \u201ccognitive re-evaluation\u201d strategy of the athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to these results, the coach\u2019s tendency towards \u201cautocratic\u201d and \u201cexplanatory\/rewarding\u201d leadership behavior increases the sense of suppression of the athletes. In addition, the coach\u2019s orientation towards \u201cexplanatory\/rewarding\u201d leadership behavior also increases the cognitive reappraisal of the athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the reasons for the result related to the first hypothesis of the research are investigated, the behaviors of the coaches and the reactions of the athletes to these behaviors are apparent.  Results indicate that athletes may have negative feelings towards the coaches who are in the leading position (25) which leads the athletes to demonstrate suppression behavior due to several reasons. First, coaches use punishment and reward power in accordance with the autocratic leadership behaviors in the sportive process (25). Second, athletes do not have a say in the decision-making process and that they expect unconditional obedience (48). Finally, athletes only have to fulfill the instructions they receive from their trainers (17). The combination of these conditions support the suppressive behavior of athletes and potentially negative feelings towards coaches the (25).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trainer’s tendency to facilitate negative emotional experiences through autocratic leadership behavior leads athletes to the use of the emotion of suppression as a regulation strategy (35). Younger individuals, especially, are not typically ready to use certain emotion regulation strategies in the early period of athletics due to the intensity of their emotions. For this reason, young people use the suppression strategy until they are ready to use more efficient strategies such as rearrangement or distraction (32). On the other hand, young individuals may suppress their emotions due to the fact that he or she may not ready to express their emotions and do not know how to ask for help from a coach in emotional issues (3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201csuppression\u201d strategy, which is one of the strategies that athletes use consciously or unconsciously to reduce their emotional intensity, is a kind of reaction regulation behavior (23). Trainers should be aware of emotion regulation strategies in this process and should also support the emotion regulation activities of the athletes. When coaches cope with the factors that cause athletes to suppress their emotions, a coach-athlete relationship of trust, communication and support is facilitated. The quality of this relationship positively supports the psychological and physical well-being, performance and motivation of the athlete (30, 50).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fact that the coaches offer reasons and options to their athletes before and during competition or training, and the acceptance of the emotions of the athletes allows the coaches to avoid a rigid understanding of control. In addition, supporting their own\u00a0 autonomous behaviors and evaluating the performance of athletes without comparing them with other athletes (41, 46) may prove to be more successful in contributing to the emotion regulation of athletes who are using suppression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the second hypothesis of the research, coaches’ autocratic and explanatory\/rewarding leadership style positively affects the cognitive reappraisal strategy of athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explanatory and rewarding leadership is a leadership style in which the coach gives confidence to his athletes, clearly expresses his expectations from the athletes, explains to the athlete what his strengths and weaknesses are, and appreciates the athlete when he performs a good job (26).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The explanatory and rewarding leader exhibit a more motivational, rational leadership behavior that gives insight to the athlete and appeals to his\/her feelings. Coaches who adopt autocratic leadership behavior exhibit behaviors that are more task-oriented, ensure the fulfillment of tasks, and give more importance to the result. In autocratic leadership, coaches display a more control-oriented behavior that does not allow athletes to be involved in any decision-making process (5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the explanatory and autocratic leader behaviors mentioned above are two contrasting leadership styles, it is seen that both styles have a positive effect on cognitive reappraisal, which is the emotion regulation sub-dimension. Cognitive reevaluation is the restructuring of a positive or negative event in a way that changes the effect of the emotions aroused in the individual (athlete) (23). In this context, it is understandable that athletes turn to cognitive reappraisal strategy in the face of positive\/negative situations (explanatory\/autocratic leadership behavior) encountered in the sportive process. In other words, it is expected that athletes tend to direct their emotions and restructure them when they feel extremely happy or frustrated during the sporting process (49).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In this study, it was revealed that explanatory and rewarding leadership and autocratic leadership, which are among the leadership behaviors of the coach, affect the emotion regulation process of the athletes. As a result, as the leadership behaviors of the coaches develop in a positive way, the emotion regulation status of the athletes will be positively affected as well. Results indicate that as the attitudes of the coaches negatively increase, the emotional states of the athletes will also be negatively affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Applications in Sport<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Since leadership and emotion regulation strategies may have different effects in different genders, conducting studies examining the emotion regulation dynamics between male coaches and male athletes, female coaches and female athletes, and female coaches and male athletes can fill another important gap. In addition, coaches should direct their leadership behaviors in a way that will arouse positive emotions in the athlete and support the well-being of the athlete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

THANKS<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Contribution Rate Statement Summary of Researchers<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors declare that they have contributed equally to the article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict of Interest Statement<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors of the article declare that there is no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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