{"id":6714,"date":"2019-12-06T06:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T12:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/?p=6714"},"modified":"2020-06-02T13:44:48","modified_gmt":"2020-06-02T18:44:48","slug":"health-and-lifestyle-behaviors-of-u-s-masters-world-cup-field-hockey-players","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/health-and-lifestyle-behaviors-of-u-s-masters-world-cup-field-hockey-players\/","title":{"rendered":"Health and Lifestyle Behaviors of U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Players"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors:<\/strong> Karen Croteau1<\/sup>, Nina Eduljee1<\/sup>, Laurie Murphy1<\/sup>, Lisa Ahearn2<\/sup>, Stella L. Volpe3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup>Saint\nJoseph\u2019s College of Maine, 2<\/sup>Plymouth State University, 3<\/sup>Drexel\nUniversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corresponding Author: <\/strong>
Karen Croteau
Department of Sport and Exercise Science
Saint Joseph\u2019s College of Maine
Standish, ME 04084
kcroteau@sjcme.edu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karen Croteau is\nProfessor and Chair of the Department of Sport and Exercise Science at Saint\nJoseph\u2019s College of Maine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nina\nEduljee is\nProfessor of Psychology at Saint Joseph\u2019s College of Maine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laurie\nMurphy is Assistant Professor of Business at Saint Joseph’s\nCollege of Maine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lisa\nAhearn is Assistant Professor of Business at Plymouth State\nUniversity, Plymouth, NH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stella\nVolpe is Professor and Chair of the Department of\nNutrition Sciences at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Health\nand Lifestyle Behaviors of U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Players<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The purpose of this study\nwas to examine health and lifestyle behaviors of United States Masters field\nhockey athletes who competed in the Masters Field Hockey World Cup in 2018. A\ntotal of 122 athletes (72 women, 50 men) completed the 42-item Health and Well-being\nof Masters Field Hockey Athletes Survey. Mean age was 50.1\u00b18.3 years (range =\n35 to 71). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.9\u00b13.1 kg\/m2<\/sup>. Participants\nrated their health as very good\/excellent (86.9%) and their stress as rare\/not\nat all (56.6%), had no major health conditions (61.5%) or medication use\n(70.5%), and had at least one injury (53.3%). Participants consumed \u22652 fruits\n(68.9%) and \u22652 vegetables (83.6%) per day, daily breakfast (68.0%), \u22641\nsugar-sweetened beverage (86.9%) and \u22657 cups of water (54.1%) per day, and \u22642\nalcoholic beverages per week (59.8%). Participants reported \u22657 hours of sleep\nper night (65.5%), and no\/little restless sleep (52.4%). Just under half of participants\nreported sitting \u22655 hours per day (46.7%). Exercise frequency at \u22653 days per\nweek and \u226530 minutes per day was 95.9% and 98.4%, respectively, with jogging\n(68.0%) the most common mode. Well-being scores were high. Overall, Masters\nfield hockey athletes are healthy and practice lifestyle behaviors conducive to\npositive health. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Key\nWords:<\/strong> Masters field hockey, health, lifestyle behaviors,\nwell-being<\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aging\nis inevitable, and with aging there is an associated decline in physical and\nmental capacities (39). However, much of the decline in function that is\nassociated with aging can be attributed to lifestyle behaviors, including\nphysical inactivity (22). Evidence supporting the physiological and\npsychological benefits of regular physical activity for adults is extensive and\nwell known (5, 26). Despite this evidence, there is a steady decline in\nphysical activity participation throughout adulthood, with middle-age and older\nadults being the least physically active groups in the general population (26, 33).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nterms of health and functionality, sedentary frail elderly occupy one end of\nthe spectrum, while physically active, higher functioning older adults occupy\nthe opposite end (32). Masters athletes are higher functioning middle-age and\nolder adults who continue to train and compete in organized forms of individual\nand team sports (5). Compared to their sedentary counterparts, older endurance\nathletes have higher physiological functional capacity (aerobic and muscular\nfitness), lower body fat, and lower risk of medical comorbidities, such as\ndiabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (39). These\nbenefits extend to all-cause mortality, and also include higher intrinsic\nmotivation and improved quality of life (13, 32). In terms of neurocognition, Masters\nathletes have been shown to have greater verbal memory and faster processing\ntimes compared to non-athletes (39). Participation in Masters team sports has also\nbeen found to contribute to psychosocial outlook (32). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Improving\nwell-being for all individuals in the United States (U.S.) is a goal of Healthy People 2020 <\/em>(35). \u201cWell-being is\na relative state where one maximizes her or his physical, mental, and social\nfunctioning in the context of supportive environments to live a full,\nsatisfying, and productive life\u201d (20). Recent recommendations have called for\nmore research into the measurement of optimal well-being, otherwise known as \u201cflourishing\u201d\nin the general population (16) and with Masters athletes (30).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Field\nhockey is an Olympic sport, played by both women and men, at recreational,\nprofessional, and Masters levels on five continents and in at least 137\ncountries (12). Masters competitions range from local and state, to national\nand international levels. In 2018, the United States sent five women\u2019s and four\nmen\u2019s teams to the Masters World Cup, and one team to the Grand Masters World\nCup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\nhas been a recent marked increase in the number of Masters athletes in the U.S.\nand internationally (32). Much of the research on Masters athletes has focused\non the physiological functioning and health of endurance athletes who\nparticipate in individual sports, with little research on team sport athletes,\nand no research on Masters field hockey athletes. There has also been little\nresearch on lifestyle behaviors, other than physical activity, in Masters\nathletes participating in team sports. Thus, the primary aim of this study was\nto examine the health status, lifestyle behaviors, and well-being in U.S. Masters\nfield hockey athletes. This study is part of a larger study aimed at collecting\nand examining data over time and from international athletes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

METHODS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participants<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participants were members of the\nU.S. Masters field hockey teams competing in the 2018 Masters Field Hockey\nWorld Cup in Terrassa, Spain. They were recruited through the U.S. Masters\nField Hockey Facebook page, via email, at a U.S. Masters tournament just prior\nto the World Cup, and at the World Cup venue. Masters age group divisions (in\nyears) competing for the U.S. were as follows: 35 and over, 40 and over, 45 and\nover, 50 and over, 55 and over, and 60 and over. Prior to data collection,\napproval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at\nSaint Joseph\u2019s College of Maine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 42-item Health and Well-being\nof Masters Field Hockey Athletes Survey was developed for this study by the\nauthors. After expert review for content and pilot testing for content,\nquestion clarity, and ease of use, the final survey was administered via Survey\nMonkey through the Internet and in-person via tablet. Informed consent was\nobtained prior to survey completion. Data collected included demographic,\nhealth status, and lifestyle behaviors, as well as field hockey participation\nand well-being data. Demographic data collected included age, sex, education, occupation,\nsocioeconomic status, state\/country of residence, and 2018 World Cup team\nmembership (35 and over, 40 and over, 45 and over, 50 and over, 55 and over,\nand 60 and over). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Health status data included current\nillnesses, medications and injuries, perceived health, perceived stress, and\nbody mass index (BMI). Perceived health was addressed with one question, \u201cHow\nwould you rate your current health\u201d, with possible answers of \u201cexcellent\u201d, \u201cvery\ngood\u201d, \u201cgood\u201d, \u201cfair\u201d, \u201cpoor\u201d. For current illnesses, medications, and\ninjuries, respondents were asked to select all that applied from a list.\nPerceived stress was a single item measure taken from the Occupational Stress\nQuestionnaire, for which content, criterion, and construct validity has been\nestablished (10). Respondents answered the question, \u201cStress means a situation\nin which a person feels tense, restless, nervous or anxious or is unable to\nsleep at night because his\/her mind is troubled all the time. How often do you\nfeel this kind of stress these days? Rate on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5\n(very much).\u201d Body mass index (BMI) was determined through self-reported height\nand body weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle variables in the\nfollowing areas were addressed: dietary behaviors, use of tobacco products, alcohol\nconsumption, sleep, sitting time, and physical activity. Dietary behaviors\nincluded daily fruit, vegetable, sugar-sweetened beverage, and water\nconsumption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondents were asked to indicate\nhow many servings of fruit they consume each day (do not eat, 1, 2, 3, 4 or\nmore); how many servings of vegetables they consume each day (do not eat, 1, 2,\n3, 4, 5 or more); how many sugar-sweetened beverages they consume each day to\ninclude regular soda, fruit drinks\/juices, sports drinks, energy drinks,\ncoffee\/tea drinks containing sugar, and sweetened water (do not consume, less\nthan 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more); approximately how many cups of water they consume\neach day (none, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, 15 or more); and how many\ndays during the past week they had breakfast (none, 1-2 days, 3-4 days, 5-6\ndays, and 7 days). Respondents were instructed to select from a list the type\nof diet\/eating plan they are currently following, to check off any health,\ndietary or performance supplements they use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondents were asked to select\nthe number of alcoholic beverages they typically drink in a week (do not\nconsume, less than 1, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7 or more). For tobacco products,\nparticipants were asked to indicate if they use cigarettes, cigars, chewing\ntobacco, electronic cigarettes, personal vaporizer, nicotine replacement\nproducts, or other products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sleep questions related to quantity\n(hours\/day) and quality (amount of restless sleep during the past week), as\nused in the European Social Survey (Round 6) were asked (11). A 1-item sitting\ntime question from the Lifestyle Physical Activity and Sedentary Scale, was\nasked, \u201cHow much time do you spend sitting on a typical day?\u201d (27).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical activity questions related\nto frequency (how many days per week) and duration (how many minutes per\nsession) of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), type of exercise\nactivities (select all that apply from a list), as well as daily steps (if\ntrack, how many steps do they average each day) and use of training aids\n(select all that apply from a list). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Information on field hockey\nparticipation included competitive level (from primary\/grade school through\nOlympic team) and length of participation in the sport of field hockey and in Masters\nfield hockey (years). Questions asking frequency in participation in practices\nor pick-up games and in field hockey games or tournaments were included. Main reasons\nfor participating in the sport of field hockey (select all that apply from a\nlist), as well as a question on other sport participation was included (select\nfrom a list).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 8-item Flourishing Scale was\nused to assess aspects of human functioning or well-being (7).  According to Diener et al. (7), the\nFlourishing scale \u201cconsists of eight items describing important aspects of\nhuman functioning ranging from positive relationships to feelings of\ncompetence, to having meaning and purpose in life\u201d (p.146).  Responses for each item range from 1 (strongly\ndisagree) to 7 (strongly agree) and total scores ranging from an 8 (low) to a\n56 (high): a high score represents an individual with many psychological\nresources and strengths. Reliability for this scale was initially established\nwith the developers of the instrument (7) and further reliability and validity\nhas been established in various countries (3, 16 and 31). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data\nAnalyses<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data in this study, which included frequencies, percentages, and means (\u00b1SD) for demographic, health, lifestyle, field hockey participation, and well-being variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences among the variables by sex and age (<50 years of age, 50 years of age and over), with significance set at p<\/em><.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

RESULTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participant\nCharacteristics<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

One hundred and twenty-two\nparticipants completed the survey (72 women, 50 men). Mean age was 50.1\u00b18.3\nyears (range = 35 to 71 years).An\noverview of demographic variables is presented in Table 1. <\/p>\n\n\n\nTable 1:<\/strong> Characteristics of 2018 U.S. Masters Field Hockey World Cup Athletes<\/em>\n\n \n\t \n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\tNumber (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\tPercent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Sex<\/strong>
\n\t\t Women
\n\t\t Men<\/td>\n\t\t		72
\n\t\t\t50<\/td>\n\t\t		59.0
\n\t\t\t41.0<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Age<\/strong>
\n\t\t 35 to 39 years
\n\t\t 40 to 44 years
\n\t\t 45 to 49 years
\n\t\t 50 to 54 years
\n\t\t 55 to 59 years
\n\t\t 60+ years<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t		15
\n\t\t\t22
\n\t\t\t21
\n\t\t\t25
\n\t\t\t21
\n\t\t\t18 <\/td>\n\t\t		12.3
\n\t\t\t18.0
\n\t\t\t17.2
\n\t\t\t20.5
\n\t\t\t17.2
\n\t\t\t14.8<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Education<\/strong>
\n\t\t Bachelor\u2019s Degree
\n\t\t Master\u2019s Degree
\n\t\t Professional\/Doctoral Degree<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t		117
\n\t\t\t42
\n\t\t\t22<\/td>\n\t\t		95.9
\n\t\t\t24.4
\n\t\t\t18.0<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Employment Status<\/strong>
\n\t\t Full-Time
\n\t\t Part-Time
\n\t\t Self-Employed
\n\t\t Not Currently Employed
\n\t\t Retired<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t		92
\n\t\t\t10
\n\t\t\t14
\n\t\t\t3
\n\t\t\t3<\/td>\n\t\t		75.4
\n\t\t\t8.2
\n\t\t\t11.5
\n\t\t\t2.5
\n\t\t\t2.5<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Type of Employment<\/strong>
\n\t\t Education
\n\t\t Management
\n\t\t Business\/Finance
\n\t\t Sales\/Service
\n\t\t Computing\/IT
\n\t\t Other<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t		40
\n\t\t\t19
\n\t\t\t17
\n\t\t\t7
\n\t\t\t6
\n\t\t\t17<\/td>\n\t\t		32.8
\n\t\t\t15.6
\n\t\t\t13.9
\n\t\t\t5.7
\n\t\t\t4.9
\n\t\t\t13.9<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n\t
Household Income<\/strong>
\n\t\t <$60000
\n\t\t $60,000 to $79,999
\n\t\t $80,000 to $99,999
\n\t\t $100,000 or more<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t		8
\n\t\t\t7
\n\t\t\t15
\n\t\t\t92<\/td>\n\t\t		6.6
\n\t\t\t5.7
\n\t\t\t12.3
\n\t\t\t75.4<\/td>\n\t <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n

Health\nStatus<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mean BMI was 24.9 kg\/m2<\/sup> (standard deviation [SD] = 3.1), with 56.0% of the sample classified as healthy weight (<25.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>), 37.2% as overweight (25.0 to 29.9 kg\/m2<\/sup>), and 3.3% as obese \u226530.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>). A majority of respondents perceived their health as excellent (37.7%) or very good (49.2%), with 13.1% rating their health as good, 0% fair, and 0% poor. In terms of perceived stress, 14.8% respondents reported experiencing no recent stress at all, 41.8% reporting rarely, 36.9% sometimes, 4.9%) usually, and 1.6% very much.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A majority of the sample reported\nhaving no current health conditions (61.5%) and taking no medications (70.5%).\nThe most reported health conditions were arthritis (16.4%), high cholesterol (9.0%),\nmenopause symptoms (7.4%), and asthma (5.7%), with medications being taken for\ncholesterol (10.7%), arthritis (5.0%), menopause symptoms (5.0%), and blood\npressure (4.1%). Just under one half of the sample reported having no current\ninjuries (46.7%), with the most cited being low back pain (18.0%), knee\ninjuries (14.8%), hamstring strains (11.5%) and plantar fasciitis (5.7%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle\nBehaviors<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nutrition questions included fruit,\nvegetable, breakfast, water, and sugar-sweetened beverage (Table 2) intake. Just\nover half of the sample (52.5%) reported following no special diet. Diets\nfollowed included low carbohydrate (8.2%), semi-vegetarian (4.9%), low fat (4.1%),\nintermittent fasting (4.1%), and pesco-vegetarian (4.1%). Regarding dietary,\nperformance, or recovery supplement use, 36.9% reported taking a\nmultivitamin\/multimineral, with 34.4% not taking any supplements, followed by\nprotein\/amino acids (22.9%), fish oil (13.9%), probiotics (12.3%), glucosamine\n(10.7%), and sports drinks (10.7%).<\/p>\n\n\n\nTable 2:<\/strong> Nutrition Habits of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Athletes<\/em>\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n Number (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n Percent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Vegetable Consumption (servings\/day)<\/strong>
\n Do not eat
\n 1
\n 2
\n 3
\n 4
\n \u2265<\/u>5<\/td>\n 		1
\n 19
\n 53
\n 25
\n 12
\n 13<\/td>\n 		0.8
\n 15.6
\n 42.6
\n 20.5
\n 9.8
\n 10.7<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Fruit Consumption (servings\/day)<\/strong>
\n Do not eat
\n 1
\n 2
\n 3
\n \u2265<\/u>4<\/td>\n 		1
\n 37
\n 53
\n 23
\n 8<\/td>\n 		0.8
\n 30.3
\n 43.4
\n 18.9
\n 6.6<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Breakfast (servings\/week)<\/strong>
\n Never
\n 1 to 2
\n 3 to 4
\n 5 to 6
\n 7<\/td>\n 		2
\n 9
\n 11
\n 17
\n 83<\/td>\n 		1.6
\n 7.4
\n 9.0
\n 13.9
\n 68.0<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Water Consumption (cups\/day)<\/strong>
\n 1 to 2
\n 3 to 4
\n 5 to 6
\n 7 to 8
\n 9 to 10
\n 11 to 12
\n \u2265<\/u>13<\/td>\n 		8
\n 25
\n 23
\n 17
\n 26
\n 10
\n 13<\/td>\n 		6.6
\n 20.5
\n 18.9
\n 13.9
\n 21.3
\n 8.2
\n 10.7<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (servings\/day)<\/strong>
\n Do not consume
\n <1
\n 1
\n \u22653<\/td>\n 		46
\n 29
\n 31
\n 10
\n 6<\/td>\n 		37.7
\n 23.8
\n 25.4
\n 8.2
\n 4.9<\/td>\n \t<\/tr>\n\t<\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n\n\n

Alcohol consumption, in terms of\nservings per week, was distributed as follows: none (22.1%), <1 (15.6%), 1\nto 2 (22.1%), 3 to 4 (18.0%), 5 to 6 (11.5%), and 7 or more (10.7%). One\nparticipant indicated use of cigarettes (0.8%), and one participant indicated\ncigar use (0.8%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For sleep quantity, 6.6%\nparticipants reported getting 5 hours or less of sleep per night, with 27.9%\nreporting 6 hours\/day, 43.4% reporting 7 hours\/day, 20.5% reporting 8\nhours\/day, and 1.6% reporting 9 hours or more. For sleep quality, 21.3%\nreported experiencing restless sleep in the past week none of the time, 31.1%\nreporting almost none of the time, 41.0% reporting some of the time, and 6.6% reporting\nmost of the time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sitting time was reported at less\nthan 1 hour\/day by 4.1% participants, 1 to 2 hours\/day by 23.8% participants, 3\nto 4 hours\/day by 25.4% participants, 5 to 6 hours\/day by 28.7% participants, 7\nto 8 hours\/day by 14.8% participants, and 9 hours\/day or more by 3.2% participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical activity questions\nincluded moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) frequency (Figure 1),\nMVPA duration (Figure 2), and regular (at least one day per week) physical\nactivity activities (Figure 3), as well as daily steps, competitive sport\nparticipation, and training\/recovery aids. Just under two-thirds of the sample\n(62.3%) indicated tracking their daily steps. Of the 76 participants who tracked\ntheir steps, 10.5% reported achieving less than 7,500 steps\/day, 21.1% reported\nachieving 7,500 to 9,999 steps\/day, 36.8% reported achieving 10,000 to 12,499\nsteps\/day, and 31.6% reported achieving 12,500 steps\/day or greater. Aside from\nparticipating in field hockey, other competitive sports reported by participants\nincluded running (21.3%), golf (17.2%), tennis (12.3%), and soccer (9.8%), with\n44.3% of participants reporting no other competitive sports participation.\nTraining and recovery aids utilized by the participants can be found in Figure\n4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1.<\/strong> Frequency (days\/week) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup field hockey athletes (expressed as percentages).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Figure<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2.<\/strong> Duration (minutes\/session) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup field hockey athletes (expressed as percentages).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Figure<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 3.<\/strong> Regular (at least 1 day per week) activities performed by 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup field hockey athletes (expressed as percentages).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Figure<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 4.<\/strong> Training or recovery aids used by 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Athletes (expressed as percentages).   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Figure<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Field\nHockey Participation<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Field hockey participation survey\nquestions related to 2018 World Cup team membership (Table 3), practices and\ngames, and included frequency, duration, type, and history (Table 4). The most\ncited reasons for participating in field hockey included enjoyment\/fun and\ncompetition, cited by 95.9% and 88.5% of the sample, respectively. Additional\nreasons included staying active (72.1%), being part of a team (69.7%), social\nconnection (63.1%), and for physical fitness (59.0%)<\/p>\n\n\n\nTable 3:<\/strong> Team Membership of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Athletes<\/em>\n\n\n \n \n \n
Age Group<\/strong><\/td>\n Total (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n Women (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n Men (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
O35<\/strong>
\n O40<\/strong>
\n O45<\/strong>
\n O50<\/strong>
\n O55<\/strong>
\n O60<\/strong>
\n Total<\/strong><\/td>\n 		15
\n 25
\n 17
\n 29
\n 26
\n 10
\n 122<\/td>\n 		14
\n 16
\n 9
\n 14
\n 9
\n 0
\n 72<\/td>\n 		1
\n 9
\n 8
\n 15
\n 7
\n 10
\n 50<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Note:<\/em> O35 = 35 years of age and older, O40 = 40 years of age and older, O45 = 45 years of age and older, O50 = 50 years of age and older, O55 = 55 years of age and older, and O60 = 60 years of age and older.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\nTable 4:<\/strong> Field Hockey Participation of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Athletes<\/em>\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n Field Hockey Participation (%)<\/strong>
\n (n=122)<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Years of Field Hockey Participation<\/strong>
\n Less than 20
\n 20 to 29
\n 30 to 39
\n 40 or more<\/td>\n 		 \n 9 (7.4%)
\n 28 (23.0%)
\n 44 (36.1%)
\n 41 (33.6%) <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Years of Masters Field Hockey Participation<\/strong>
\n Less than 1
\n 1 to 3
\n 4 to 6
\n 7 to 9
\n 10 to 14
\n 15 or more<\/td>\n 		 \n 53 (43.4%)
\n 30 (24.6%)
\n 24 (19.7%)
\n 6 (4.9%)
\n 4 (3.3%)
\n 5 (4.1%)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Level of Participation<\/strong>
\n College\/university
\n Adult club
\n National open
\n Olympic<\/td>\n 		 \n  85 (69.7%)
\n 109 (89.3%
\n 31 (25.4%)
\n 8 (6.6%)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Practices\/Pick-up Games<\/strong>
\n Once\/month
\n 2 x\/month
\n 3 x\/month
\n Once\/week
\n 2 x\/week
\n 3 or more x\/week<\/td>\n 		 \n 9 (7.4%)
\n 4 (3.3%)
\n 6 (4.9%)
\n 42 (34.4%)
\n 42 (34.4%)
\n 12 (9.8%)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Games\/Tournaments<\/strong>
\n Once\/year
\n 2 x\/year
\n Once\/2 to 3 months
\n Once\/month
\n 2-3 x\/month
\n Once\/week
\n More than once\/week<\/td>\n 		 \n   10 (8.2%)
\n 21 (17.2%)
\n 28 (23.0%)
\n 22 (18.0%)
\n 14 (11.4%)
\n 16 (13.1%)
\n 3 (2.5%)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n

Well-being<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 5 presents the results for the 8-items of the Flourishing Scale. Mean individual item scores ranged from 6.16\u00b11.03 to 6.53\u00b10.73 with the mean total score at 50.47\u00b15.69.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTable 5:<\/strong> Flourishing Scale Results of 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Athletes<\/em>\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Component<\/strong><\/td>\n Mean+<\/u>Standard Deviation<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n 6.17\u00b1<\/u>1.10<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
My social relationships are supportive and rewarding.<\/td>\n 6.16\u00b1<\/u>1.03<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
I am engaged and interested in my daily activities.<\/td>\n 6.24\u00b1<\/u>0.83<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
I actively contribute to the happiness and well-being of others.<\/td>\n 6.22\u00b1<\/u>0.84<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
I am competent and capable in the activities that are important to me.<\/td>\n 6.53\u00b10.73<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
I am a good person and live a good life.<\/td>\n 6.51\u00b1<\/u>0.72<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
I am optimistic about my future.<\/td>\n 6.35\u00b1<\/u>0.82<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
People respect me.<\/td>\n 6.31\u00b1<\/u>0.82<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\n 50.47\u00b1<\/u>5.69<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Note:<\/em> Individual item scores ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
\n Total scores range from 8-56. Higher scores denote higher levels of well-being.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n

Comparisons<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparisons among the variables were conducted between sex (women, men) and age groups (under 50 years of age, 50 years of age and older) for perceived health and perceived stress, lifestyle behaviors, and the Flourishing Scale. For sex, significant differences were found for perceived stress, water consumption, sitting time, and MVPA frequency (Table 6). The only significant difference in age groups was for perceived stress, with participants 50 years of age and older reporting significantly (F<\/em>=6.327, p<\/em>=0.013) higher perceived stress (3.81\u00b10.833) than those younger than 50 (3.43\u00b10.840). No other significant differences were obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTable 6:<\/strong> Sex Differences in 2018 U.S. Masters World Cup Field Hockey Players<\/em>\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n Women (n=72)<\/strong><\/td>\n Men (n=50)<\/strong><\/td>\n F<\/em>-value<\/strong><\/td>\n p-<\/em>value<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Perceived Stress<\/strong><\/td>\n 3.50\u00b1<\/u>0.82<\/td>\n 3.82\u00b1<\/u>0.87<\/td>\n 4.247<\/td>\n 0.041*<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Daily Water Consumption<\/strong><\/td>\n 5.35\u00b1<\/u>2.02<\/td>\n 4.44\u00b1<\/u>1.61<\/td>\n 6.995<\/td>\n 0.009**<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Daily Sitting Time<\/strong><\/td>\n 3.08\u00b1<\/u>1.28<\/td>\n 3.80\u00b1<\/u>1.01<\/td>\n 10.482<\/td>\n 0.002*<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
MVPA Frequency<\/strong><\/td>\n 6.49\u00b1<\/u>1.25 <\/td>\n 5.92\u00b1<\/u>1.41<\/td>\n 5.465<\/td>\n 0.021**<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
Note:<\/em> Values represent mean \u00b1 standard deviation.
\n MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
\n *Denotes that men\u2019s perceived stress and daily sitting times are significantly greater than women\u2019s values.
\n **Denotes that women\u2019s daily water consumption and MVPA frequency were significantly greater than men\u2019s values.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n

DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The purpose of this study was to\nexamine health, lifestyle behaviors, and well-being in U.S. Masters field\nhockey athletes who competed in the 2018 World Cup. In general, it was found\nthat these athletes are educated and achieve high household income, are\ngenerally healthy and practice lifestyle behaviors conducive to health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Masters athletes in our study had a\nhigh level of education, income, and free time for training and travel (8).\nGiven the amount of training and travel required for participation in\ninternational competition, the various fields of participant employment likely\nallow significant training and travel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Health<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In terms of health, the sample had\nfew reported chronic illnesses (and few medications), injuries in the lower\nextremity and lower back, and healthy BMIs. Participants also indicated high levels\nof perceived health and low levels of perceived stress. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A majority of participants (87%) in\nthis study reported their health as excellent or very good. This finding\ncompares favorably to findings from the recent 2018 Food and Health Survey of\nU.S. residents, 18 years of age and older (19). In our study, there was a\nhigher number of respondents with reported incomes over $75,000 who reported\ntheir health as excellent or very good, thus household income could be a\nmediating factor in the present study as well. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most cited chronic conditions\nin this study were arthritis, high cholesterol, menopause symptoms and asthma,\nwith medications cited for arthritis, high cholesterol, menopause symptoms and\nblood pressure. These findings are similar to (6), in a study of North American\nparticipants at the World Masters Games in 2009 of similar age our study (52.6\u00b19.8\nand 50.1\u00b18.3, respectively), who reported the top chronic disorders to be\narthritis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma and depression and medications\nused for hypertension, thyroid hormones, hyperlipidemia, and bone strength. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most common injuries in our study\nwere sprains or strains of the lower extremity (lower back, knee, thigh, feet).\nIn a recent systematic review of injuries in field hockey players of all ages (2),\nalso reported the lower limbs to be the most affected; however, they found the\nmost common type of injury to be contusions and hematomas. These findings\nextend to international masters soccer players as well (18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mean BMI for participants in our\nstudy was at the upper end of the healthy weight classification at 24.9 kg\/m2<\/sup>.\nWhen further reviewed, 56.0% were classified as healthy weight, 37.2% as\noverweight, and 3.3% as obese. These findings compare favorably to a slightly\nyounger sample (47.6 years of age) of soccer players participating in the 2009\nWorld Masters Games (37). Mean BMI of the soccer players was 25.1 kg\/m2<\/sup>,and obesity prevalence was 9.1%. The prevalence for obesity rates in the\nU.S. for adults, 40 to 59 years of age, and 60 years of age and older, have\nbeen reported to be 42.8% and 41.0%, respectively (14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle\nBehaviors<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans<\/em>, it is\nrecommended that adults consume at least 1.5 to 2.0 cup equivalents of\nfruit\/day and 2.0 to 3.0 cup equivalents of vegetables per day. In our study, a\nmajority of the sample consumed at least 2 servings each of fruit (70%) and\nvegetables (84%) per day. In 2015, only 12.2% and 9.3% of the U.S. adult\npopulation were reported to meet the Guidelines (21). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We found that 68%\nof participants consumed breakfast\non a daily basis, 14% at least 5 to 6 days each week, and 9% consumed breakfast\n3 to 4 days each week. Combined, this means that 91% of the sample consume\nbreakfast at least 3 days a week, with 9% skipping breakfast the majority of\nthe week. A recent commercial study conducted by the NPD Group, reported that\n13% of women and 18% of men, 35 to 54 years of age, reported skipping\nbreakfast, with that number declining with those 55 years of age and older (10%\nof women and 11% of men reported skipping breakfast) (25).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just over half of the participants\nin our study indicated drinking at least 7 cups of water per day. Because the\nsurvey question asked about water intake versus fluid intake, it could be that\nparticipants consumed other beverages that could also contribute to total water\nintake. We also did not account for water intake from foods, which is also part\nof a person\u2019s water intake. Still, the intake amount seems on the low side\ngiven the hydration needs for athletes pursuing high levels of physical\nactivity during the summer (the season of survey administration). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most participants followed stated\nthat they did not consume a special diet (53%) or took supplements (37%). The\nmost common diet participants reported following was a low-carbohydrate diet\n(8%), followed by semi-vegetarian (5%), low fat (4%), intermittent fasting\n(4%), and pesco-vegetarian (4%). In a general population survey conducted in\nthe U.S., 36% report following a specific eating pattern, with low-carbohydrate\nrelated diets accounting for 16%, and intermittent fasting for 10% of selected\ndiets (19).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just over 38% of our sample\nreported consuming at least one sugar-sweetened beverage each day. This is just\nbelow the 43% reported in a New Zealand adult sample (27) and compares\nfavorably to the 49% of adults reporting at least one sugar-sweetened beverage\nconsumed each day (28). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A majority of participants reported\nconsuming less than 5 alcoholic drinks per week. This compares favorably to the\naverage consumption of just under 5 drinks per week in a sample of North\nAmerican participants in the World Masters Games in 2009 (6). Only 2\nparticipants in the present study reported using tobacco. This figure is half\nthe rate of all participants (n=8,072) in the 2009 Sydney World Masters Games (36).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nterms of sleep, 78% of the sample obtain at least 7 hours of sleep per day and\nhalf report little to no restless sleep. In a joint consensus statement of the\nAmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, recommendations\ncall for 7 or more hours of sleep per night for adults over age 18 (38). With\nregards to quality of sleep, more than half of the sample (52%) reported\nexperiencing restless sleep none\/almost none of the time in the past week. This\ncompares to 69% of an adult sample in New Zealand (27) and 83% of a European\nadult sample (23). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sitting time varied amongst participants in this study with just under half (46.7%) of the sample reporting 5 hours or more of sitting time per day. This is higher than a Canadian sample adults, 45 to 64 years of age, with 41.2% reporting sitting for 4 or more hours per day (9), which was classified as sedentary behavior. In another study on masters athletes in Canada, women reported an average of 6.7 hours per day, while men reported an average of 5.2 hours of sitting with work and leisure (24). As reported by McCracken & Dogra (24), the higher volumes (frequency, intensity, and duration) of physical activity and sport participation, as well as working status, could explain the higher rates of sedentary time of masters athletes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was high, which would be expected in the days leading up to and including the World Cup competition. Frequency was high, with 96% of the sample reporting 3 or more days per week and 75% reporting 5 or more days per week. Duration was also high, with 98% reporting 30 minutes or more per session and 57% reporting 60 minutes or more. These rates are much higher than those reported in the general population, with 50% of adults reporting 150 minutes and 25% reporting 300 minutes of weekly physical activity (4). The high level of physical activity was also reflected in the high number of daily steps achieved in those who tracked their steps, with the majority of trackers achieving active (37%) or high active (32%) status, according to a zone-based hierarchy proposed by (34). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regular exercise activities also\nrelated to what would be expected while training for a major event, with\njogging, walking, weight training and stretching most common. In terms of\ntraining or recovery aids, foam rollers, massage sticks\/bars\/balls and massages\nwere common, as was the use of ice packs or wraps. These types of aids would\nalso be expected with athletes in general, and masters athletes as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Field\nHockey Participation<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most\nparticipants had over 30 years of participation in field hockey and under 3\nyears of participation in masters field hockey. These findings would be\nexpected given the age of the participants and the relative new emphasis on\nU.S. Masters field hockey. Also, given the data collection time frame, it was\nnot surprising that the frequency of practices\/pickup games and\ngames\/tournaments was high. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmost common reason given for participating in field hockey was enjoyment\/fun,\nfollowed by competition, staying active, being part of a team, the social connection,\nand for physical fitness. These motives for participation are similar to those\nfound in a 2010 study of international masters soccer players, who cited \u201cfun\ngame and skills use, competition, keep young and fit, team experience, and\nsocial\u201d as reasons for continued participation in soccer (18). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well-being<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well-being scores, as assessed via\nthe Flourishing Scale, indicate a high level of well-being amongst the\nparticipants. The mean score of 50.5 meets the \u201cflourishing\u201d threshold of a\nscore of 48 and above proposed by (16). They posit that \u201ctotal scores of 48 and\nabove require individuals to \u2018agree\u2019 (6) or \u2018strongly agree\u2019 (7) on average\nacross the scale\u2019s eight items.\u201d The highest subscale scores were found in\ncompetence (6.53 out of 7), self-respect (6.51 out of 7), and optimism (6.35\nout of 7). The lowest subscale scores were positive relationships (6.16 out of\n7) and purpose\/meaning (6.17 out of 7). The\nmean total of 50.47 in the current sample compares favorably to a mean total of\n43.82 in a New Zealand adult sample (17).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Age\nand Sex Comparisons<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women reported lower stress, higher\nwater consumption, less sitting time, and greater frequency of physical\nactivity than men. Participants ages 50 and older reported higher stress than\nthose younger than 50 years of age. Our findings regarding women reporting\nlower stress than men and older adults reporting higher stress contradict the\nrecent Stress in America, The State of\nOur <\/em>Nation survey (1). Our findings in regards to water intake also\ncontradict those from the NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination\nSurvey, which showed men consume more water per day than women (29). In terms\nof physical activity frequency, Heazlewood et al. (15) found no differences between females and males with\noverall training days per week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strengths,\nLimitations, and Recommendations<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study was the first to examine\nhealth & lifestyle behaviors of masters field hockey athletes. While there\nwas a high (62%) response rate, characteristics of non-participants is not\nknown. As with any self-report survey, recall bias and social desirability bias\nare always an issue; where feasible, it is recommended that objective measures\nbe utilized. Future recommendations include comparing masters athletes to age\nand gender-matched not-athletic peers, to masters field hockey athletes from\nother countries, and to masters participants in other team sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data from this study describe the lifestyle behaviors and health status of U.S. masters field hockey athletes competing in the 2018 Masters Field Hockey World Cup. Additional data on field hockey participation was gleaned. Overall, findings from this study suggest that Masters field hockey athletes are healthy and practice lifestyle behaviors conducive to positive health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

APPLICATIONS IN\nSPORT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The many benefits of physical activity for middle-aged and older adults are well-known. With an expanding older adult population, it is important to identify strategies to increase and maintain physical activity in order to attain this benefits. One such strategy might be participation in leisure-time activities, such as masters sport. Therefore, it is also important to identify strategies for increasing levels of participation in sport into middle-age and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thank you to the members of the\n2018 U.S. Masters & Grand Masters World Cup Field Hockey Teams who\nparticipated in the survey and to U.S.A. Masters Field Hockey and the International\nMasters Field Hockey Association for assistance in participant recruitment.\nThis research was supported by a Saint Joseph\u2019s College Faculty Development\nGrant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DECLARATION OF INTEREST STATEMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authors report no conflict of\ninterest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Swartzendruber, Karen A. Croteau Corresponding Author:Adam J. SwartzendruberSaint Joseph\u2019s College of MaineDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science278 Whites Bridge Rd.Standish, ME 04062aswartzendruber@sjcme.edu207-893-7667 Adam J. Swartzendruber is an Assistant Professor of Sport and Exercise Science at Saint Joseph\u2019s College of Maine. Karen A. Croteau is Professor and Department\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6082,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/an-investigation-of-youth-football-players-participation-motivations-and-health-related-behaviors\/","url_meta":{"origin":6714,"position":1},"title":"An Investigation of Youth Football Players\u2019 Participation Motivations and Health Related Behaviors","date":"October 18, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Zhenhao Zeng, Andria Cuello, Jonathan Skelly, Christopher Gigliello, Steven Riveras Corresponding Author: P.I. 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