{"id":6416,"date":"2019-04-25T06:30:28","date_gmt":"2019-04-25T11:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/?p=6416"},"modified":"2020-06-02T13:47:38","modified_gmt":"2020-06-02T18:47:38","slug":"endurance-masters-athletes-a-model-of-successful-ageing-with-clinically-superior-bmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/endurance-masters-athletes-a-model-of-successful-ageing-with-clinically-superior-bmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Endurance masters athletes: A model of successful ageing with clinically superior BMI?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors:<\/strong> <\/em>Mike\nClimstein, PhD, FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS, Joe Walsh, MSc, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, PhD,\nMark DeBeliso, PhD, FACSM<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corresponding Author:<\/strong>
Dr. Mike Climstein
Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Health and Human Sciences
Southern Cross University (Gold Coast Campus)
Bilinga,  Qld 4225
Australia
michael.climstein@scu.edu.au
+617 5509 3330<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Mike Climstein (FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS, AEP) is with\nClinical Exercise Physiology, Southern Cross University, School of Health and\nHuman Sciences, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia; Adjunct Associate Professor\nwith The University of Sydney, Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty\nResearch Group, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joe Walsh is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering,\nHealth, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin,\nNorthern Territory, Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ian Timothy Heazlewood is Associate Professor and Theme\nLeader Exercise and Sport Science in The College of Health and Human Sciences,\nCharles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mark DeBeliso is Professor, Department of Physical Education\nand Human Performance, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, USA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endurance\nmasters athletes: A model of successful ageing with clinically superior BMI?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Master athletes (30yrs and older) are aged\nindividuals who exercise regularly and compete in organized competitive\nsport.  The long-term physical\nactivity\/exercise should afford these individuals health benefits, one of which\nshould be apparent in body mass index (BMI), a simple index for identifying\noverweight and obese athletes.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Purpose: To investigate the BMI of endurance\nmasters athletes and determine if this cohort demonstrated clinically\nfavourable BMI as compared to sedentary controls or the general population.    A systematic\nreview of electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO,\nScopus, Web of Science) for studies where BMI was measured in either masters\nathletes, World Masters Games athletes or veteran athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results: \nDatabase searches identified 7,465 studies, of which nine met our\ninclusion criteria.   The mean BMI of all\nthe studies was found to be significantly (p<0.001) lower in masters\nathletes as compared to controls (23.4 kg\/m2<\/sup> (\u00b10.97) versus 26.3 kg\/m2<\/sup>\n(\u00b11.68)).   Additionally, for all studies\nmean masters athlete BMI was classified as normal (BMI >18.5 to <25.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>)\nwhereas the majority (77.8%) of the controls BMIs were classified as overweight\n(BMI >25.0 to < 30 kg\/m2).  In all\nstudies, masters athletes had lower BMI compared to controls, this difference\nwas found to be significant in 44.4% of the studies, where significance was not\nfound masters athlete BMI was -2.6% to -18.6% lower than controls.    In all studies, the mean BMI was lower in\nmasters athletes (as compared to controls) and this favourable BMI would afford\nmasters athletes reduced risk with regard to the development of a number of\ncardiometabolic diseases, osteoarthritis and certain types of cancer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> BMI, health, obesity, veteran athlete, World Masters Games<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nglobal prevalence of obesity has increased at an alarming rate over the past 30\nyears, with an estimated 10 percent of the world\u2019s population now meeting the\nclassification criteria (body mass index, BMI > 30.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>)\nfor obesity (2).  In\nAustralia, the percentage of adults classified as obese has increased two-fold\nin the past two decades with approximately 11.2 million adults classified as\noverweight or obese, 42 percent of which are males and 29 percent females (3).  The\nincreased prevalence of obesity has been linked to economic cost in terms of\ntens of billions of dollars in lost productivity and increased mortality in the\nAustralian population (39). This elevated level of obesity is attributed to\nfour million deaths in 2015 and 120 million disability-adjusted life\nyears.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recent\nresearch by Pharr and colleagues (32) identified an elevated risk of developing a number\nof chronic diseases and disorders which included hypertension (HTN),\ndyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2dm) and coronary heart disease.   Other documented chronic diseases associated\nwith obesity includes cerebrovascular disease, gallbladder disease, sleep\napnoea, mental illness (depression\/anxiety), insulin resistance,\natherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, and some cancers (kidney, postmenopausal\nbreast, endometrial, colon) (33).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Masters athlete is\na term applied to individuals aged typically over 30-35 years of age (varies by\nsport) who exercise on a regular basis to compete in organized competitive\nsport(s) (17).   Over recent years there has been considerable\ngrowth in the number of masters athletes competing in organized sports (26).   For example, approximately 45\npercent of the finishers of the New York marathon were masters athletes and the\n2009 World Masters Games (WMG) attracted over 28,000 competitors from approximately\n100 countries (36).   Hawkins et al. (19) has proposed that masters athletes represent a model of successful\nageing however, at that time there was a paucity of data available to support\nthis premise in this unique cohort.   The\nobesity pandemic and its relationship with physical activity and aging is a\nmultifaceted, complex problem (46). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We have previously\nreported the health aspects of masters athletes who participated in rugby union\nand found a reduced incidence of chronic disease and disorders and reduced use\nof prescription medications (8).  Research on the masters\nathletes competing at the Sydney WMG has included research on body mass index (38, 39, 42, 43), injury incidence  (21, 40, 44), psychology  (1, 9, 20, 23, 35, 47) and health of competitors (7, 9-12, 38, 40, 41).  Recent investigation of WMG\nathletes identified significantly reduced cardiovascular risk with clinically\nsuperior resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic, p<0.001) and blood\nlipid profiles (p<0.001) as compared to the Australian general population (10). Given these findings, we postulated that the reduced risk of chronic\ndisease(s) may, in part, be attributed to a normal (>18.5 to <25.0\nkg\/m2<\/sup>) BMI.  Therefore, the\npurpose of this study was to review the existing scientific literature on\nstudies investigating endurance masters athletes and WMG athletes.  It should be noted that it may be\ninappropriate to draw meaningful conclusions in athletes with the possibility\nof enhanced muscle mass, this inference to health is unreliable as it may be\ndue to increased muscularity. There may also be some causation by sport, for\nexample athletes may be preferentially attracted to compete in a sport if they\nhave a natural physiological advantage due to the specific demands of the\nactivities involved (45).  This may influence the utility\nof comparing BMI for endurance athletes as there may be some potential\nattraction or retention of masters athletes in endurance running based off a\nparticular anthropometric ratio of body mass to height.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

METHODOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only\npublished, full-length scientific research articles in English where BMI was\nmeasured, were considered for inclusion. \nWe included all studies where BMI was the primary outcome measure or\nsecondary outcome measure in studies which included endurance masters athletes,\nWMG athletes or veteran athletes.  Our\nstrategy, given the limited research on this cohort, was to include studies\nwhere significant differences were identified, non-significant differences were\nidentified or where statistical comparisons between groups was not\nconducted.   We delimited our search to\nonly masters athletes, WMG athletes and veteran athletes who were generally\nclassified as endurance athletes.  To be\neligible for inclusion, studies must have had a comparison group (i.e., sedentary\ncontrols or the general population).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EBSCO reference system was utilized\nto search multiple databases simultaneously and search methods included a\nmultistep electronic search of the literature using CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO,\nOvidSP, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus.  Search\nterms were individualized to the specific database using Boolean operators\n(where appropriate) and included BMI, endurance athlete, master athlete, older\nathlete, Pan Pacific Masters Games (22), veteran athlete and World Masters Games.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Figure<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

RESULTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A total of nine studies (6, 13-15, 24, 25,\n28, 34, 37) met our inclusion criteria and were included in\nthis review (Table 1), four of the studies reported significant differences\nbetween groups, four studies reported non-significant differences between\ngroups and one study did not conduct statistical analysis of BMI between\ngroups.  Of the nine studies, masters\nathlete participants\u2019 numbers ranged from 10 to 87 (controls 10 to 20,015\nparticipants) and had a mean (group) age of 61.6yrs (range 61.6-73.3yrs) versus\ncontrols mean age of 64.5yrs (range 64.5 to 77.0yrs) (p=0.592).   The mean BMI for masters athletes across all\nthe nine studies was significantly (-12.4%, p<0.001) lower than controls at\n23.4 kg\/m2<\/sup> (\u00b10.97) versus 26.3 kg\/m2<\/sup> (\u00b11.68).  With regard to individual studies, four of\nthe studies (6, 15, 24, 37) reported significant differences between masters\nathletes and controls.  Four studies (13, 25, 28, 34) reported non-significant differences however, the\ncalculated (percentage) differences between masters athletes and controls\nranged from -2.5% to -17.2%.  With regard\nto BMI classification, in all of the nine studies the mean BMI for the masters\nathletes was within the range classified as normal (BMI >18.5 to <25.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>) whereas the\nmajority (77.8%) of the control groups BMI would be classified as overweight\n(BMI >25.0 to <30.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>).  Only two of the control groups (25, 34) had a group mean BMI within the range classified as normal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aim of this review was to investigate the BMI\nof masters athletes competing in endurance sports and determine if their BMI\nwould be classified as normal (BMI >18.5\nto <25.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>) and would be significantly lower than sedentary\ncontrols or the general population.  A\ntotal of nine studies were included in this review (249 masters athletes,\n20,366 controls) with masters athlete participant mean age ranging from 61.6-73.3yrs\n(controls 64.5 to 77.0yrs).    The mean\nBMI for the masters athletes across all of the included studies was\nsignificantly (p<0.001) lower (-12.4%) than controls (23.4 kg\/m2<\/sup> vs\n26.3 kg\/m2<\/sup>)) and in all the studies mean BMI for masters athletes\nwas within the range for classification as normal.  These BMI findings in masters athletes are\nlower (-13.2%) than the recent US National Health and Nutrition Survey findings\n(16).  These findings are also lower\n(-19.2%) than the Australian general population (27.9kg\/m2<\/sup>) (4).  Additionally, given the sparse\nresearch conducted on BMI in masters athletes we believed it was important to\ninclude studies where non-significant differences (or no analysis) were found\nbetween groups with regard to BMI.  It is\ninteresting to note that in the four studies where BMI was not significantly\ndifferent between groups and where BMI was not statistically analyzed, BMI was consistently\nlower (-2.6% to -18.2%) than the comparison group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

None of the masters athlete studies reported a mean BMI in the\noverweight or obese classification whereas Ng and colleagues (29) reported the global proportion of overweight and obese adults at 38.0%\nand that the prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past 40 years.  The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration (18) found in a study of 10,625,411 individuals (Asia, Australia, New\nZealand, Europe, and North America) that all-cause mortality (total number of\ndeaths attributed to a condition) was lowest in in individuals with a normal\nBMI (>18.5 to <25 kg\/m2<\/sup>).  Mortality was found to be higher as BMI\nincreased, for example in those individuals classified overweight (BMI >25.0\nto <30.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>) all-cause mortality was seven percent higher and\n20 percent higher in those classified as obese (BMI >30.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>).   Bays and colleagues (5) investigated the prevalence of T2dm, HTN and dyslipidemia in 215,354\nindividuals in the USA.   They found that\nan elevated BMI (> 25.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>) was significantly\n(p<0.001) associated increased prevalence of T2dm, HTN and dyslipidemia.  Zheng and Chen (48) investigated BMI as a risk factor for the development of knee\nosteoarthritis (OA).  These authors\nreported that the development of OA was 2.5-fold more likely for individuals\nwho had a BMI classified as overweight (BMI >25.0 to <30.0 kg\/m2<\/sup>)\nand 4.6-fold more likely in individuals classified as obese (BMI >30.0\nkg\/m2<\/sup>) as compared to individuals classified as normal BMI.  The relationship of BMI has also been\ninvestigated (27) with regard to coronary heart disease, Lyall and colleagues (27) reported increased risk (35%) of coronary heart disease and an\nincreased BMI.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Master athletes and their associated long-term adherence and\nparticipation in exercise training can be considered an advanced mode of\nphysical activity.  Participation in\nexercise and physical activity has long been recognized an a significant health\nintervention to maintain health and independence (30).  This review of endurance\nmasters athletes attempted to demonstrate if masters athletes would exhibit a\nclinically beneficial BMI, a recognized health index.   We found the endurance masters athletes, as\na group, consistently had a clinically superior BMI when compared to sedentary\ncontrols or the general population, which is a promising finding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are limitations to our findings, namely BMI does not take into\naccount lean tissue and fat tissue in its determination.  This is our rationale for delimiting our\nstudy to only endurance masters athletes as those masters athletes participating\nin strength and power sports will typically be more muscular, hence possessing\nmore lean mass which skews BMI (31).     Despite this limitation, we\nhypothesized BMI in endurance masters athletes would be lower than controls, we\nfound this hypothesis was correct for all studies included in this review.  An additional limitation to this study is our\nassumption that the lower BMI found in endurance masters athletes resulted in a\nlower incidence of chronic diseases and disorders, which we were unable to\ndetermine based upon the studies selected. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical activity and exercise have robust scientific support that\ndemonstrates there is a strong inverse independent association between\nphysical-activity and cardiovascular-disease related mortality.  The benefits are in part attributable to the\nmodifications that occur to risk factors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Body mass index is such a modifiable risk factor associated with\nseveral chronic diseases and conditions. \nThe relationship between obesity and physical activity at older ages is\ncomplex, however our study demonstrated that masters endurance athletes had\nsignificantly lower BMI than controls and that their mean BMI scores were\nsituated within the range designated as normal for BMI.  This would imply reduced risk of conditions\nsuch as T2dm, cardiovascular disease, stroke, HTN, osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea\nand some cancers within this cohort as well as reduced risk of morbidity.  Whilst there is still some issue of causation\nto address, it would be appropriate to recommend (subject to appropriate health\nscreening and other precautions, such as correct exercise instruction and\ngradual training progression) participation in masters endurance sports as a\nnoteworthy health intervention to maintain or improve health, via improved BMI,\nfor older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

APPLICATIONS IN SPORT <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participation in masters\nsports is associated with an improved BMI as compared to the general population.  This reduced BMI is associated with a number\nof health benefits which includes reduced prevalence of heart disease, stroke,\ncertain cancers, prevention of T2dm, joint problems and other health\nconditions.   These health advantages\nafford MAs improved quality of life<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We would like to extend\nour sincere thanks to Professor Pat O\u2019Shea, friend, mentor and avid master\nathlete for instilling a passion for research; you are sincerely missed but not\nforgotten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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40.       Walsh\nJ, Climstein M, Heazlewood I, Adams K, DeBeliso M, Burke S, and Kettunen J.\nMasters athletes: Are they hurt more often?(rugby union, soccer and touch\nfootball). J Sci Med Sport<\/em> 14:\ne76-e77, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

41.       Walsh\nJ, Climstein M, Heazlewood I, DeBeliso M, Kettunen J, Sevene T, and Adams K.\nReduced prevalence of smoking in masters football codes (rugby union, soccer\nand touch football). J Sci Med Sport<\/em>\n15: S134, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

42.       Walsh\nJ, Climstein M, Heazlewood IT, Burke S, Kettunen J, Adams K, and DeBeliso M.\nBody mass index for Australian athletes participating in rugby union, soccer\nand touch football at the World Masters Games. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology<\/em>: 1119-1122,\n2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43.       Walsh\nJ, Climstein M, Heazlewood IT, Burke S, Kettunen J, Adams KJ, and DeBeliso M.\nImproved body mass index classification for football code masters athletes, a\ncomparison to the Australian national population. International Journal of Biological and Medical Sciences<\/em> 1: 37-40,\n2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

44.       Walsh\nJ, Climstein M, Heazlewood IT, DeBeliso M, Kettunen J, Sevene TG, and Adams KJ.\nMasters athletes: No evidence of increased incidence of injury in football code\nathletes. Advances in Physical Education<\/em>\n3: 36-42, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45.       Walsh\nJ, Heazelwood I, DeBeliso M, and Climstein. Comparison of Obesity Prevalence\nAcross 28 World Masters Games Sports. Sport\nScience : International Scientific Journal of Kinesiology<\/em> 21: 30-36, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

46.       Walsh\nJ, Heazlewood I, and Climstein M. Regularized linear and gradient boosted\nensemble methods to predict athletes\u2019 gender based on a survey of masters\nathletes. Model Assisted Statistics and\nApplications<\/em> 13: 235-252, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

47.       Walsh\nJ, Heazlewood T, DeBeliso M, and Climstein M. Assessment of motivations of\nmasters athletes at the World Masters Games. The Sport Journal<\/em> 7: 1-11, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

48.       Zheng H and Chen C. Body mass index and\nrisk of knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective\nstudies. BMJ open<\/em> 5: e007568, 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Authors: Mike Climstein, PhD, FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS, Joe Walsh, MSc, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[994,898],"tags":[1480,479,273,1397],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-1Fu","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1778,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/world-masters-games-north-american-participant-medical-and-health-history-survey\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":0},"title":"World Masters Games: North American Participant Medical and Health History Survey","date":"April 17, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Mark DeBeliso, Joe Walsh, Mike Climstein, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, Jyrki Kettunen, Trish Sevene and Kent Adams ABSTRACT Athletes competing at the World Masters Games have either initiated exercise later in life or pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period. \u00a0There is a paucity of information regarding\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Figure1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Figure1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7449,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/general-health-orientation-based-psychological-motivations-for-masters-athletes-a-consideration-of-clustering-utilizing-t-distributed-stochastic-neighbor-embedding\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":1},"title":"General health orientation based psychological motivations for masters athletes, a consideration of clustering utilizing t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding","date":"August 21, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Joe Walsh, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, Mark DeBeliso, Mike Climstein Corresponding Author:Dr. Mike Climstein (FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS)Clinical Exercise PhysiologySouthern Cross UniversitySchool of Health and Human SciencesGold Coast, Queensland, AustraliaMichael.Climstein@scu.edu.au Dr. Joe Walsh is with Sport Science Institute www.sportscienceinstitute.com Ian Timothy Heazlewood is Associate Professor and Theme Leader Exercise and Sport\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_LR100.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5906,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/assessment-of-motivations-of-masters-athletes-at-the-world-masters-games\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":2},"title":"Assessment of motivations of masters athletes at the World Masters Games","date":"July 24, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Joe Walsh, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, Mark DeBeliso, Mike Climstein Corresponding Author: Joe Walsh School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment Charles Darwin University Darwin, NT, 0909 Australia jo.walsh@cdu.edu.au +618 8946 7215 Joe Walsh is affiliated with The School of Psychological and Clinical\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6647,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/comparison-of-bmi-based-equations-and-plethysmography-for-estimating-body-fat-in-female-collegiate-gymnasts\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":3},"title":"Comparison of BMI-based equations and plethysmography for estimating body fat in female collegiate gymnasts","date":"November 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Jason C. Casey1, Robert L. Herron2, and Michael R. Esco3 1Department of Kinesiology, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA, USA 2Department of Sports Management, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, USA 3Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Corresponding Author:Robert L. Herron, MA, CSCS*D, ACSM-RCEP1 Academy\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figure-1.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":8156,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/relationships-between-bmi-and-self-perception-of-adequacy-in-and-enjoyment-of-physical-activity-in-youth-following-a-physical-literacy-intervention\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":4},"title":"Relationships Between BMI and Self-Perception of Adequacy in and Enjoyment of Physical Activity in Youth Following a Physical Literacy Intervention","date":"March 11, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Brandi M. Eveland-Sayers1, Andy R. Dotterweich1, Alyson J. Chroust2, Abigail D. Daugherty3, and Kara L. Boynewicz4 1Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation & Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee2 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee3Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1742,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/nutritional-knowledge-of-alabama-undergraduate-students\/","url_meta":{"origin":6416,"position":5},"title":"Nutritional Knowledge of Alabama Undergraduate Students","date":"March 11, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Shelley L. Holden, Steven F. Pugh, Phillip M. Norrell and Christopher M. Keshock Abstract Alabama has one of the highest rates of obesity in the U.S. and nutritional knowledge may be a factor in those statistics. Recent studies found more than a third of U.S. adults, and over\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Screen Shot 2014-03-11 at 9.28.05 AM","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Screen-Shot-2014-03-11-at-9.28.05-AM.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6416"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6416"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7299,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6416\/revisions\/7299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}