{"id":6299,"date":"2019-02-07T06:30:13","date_gmt":"2019-02-07T12:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/?p=6299"},"modified":"2019-01-31T14:42:08","modified_gmt":"2019-01-31T20:42:08","slug":"assessing-the-dietary-quality-and-health-status-among-division-1-college-athletes-at-moderate-altitude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/assessing-the-dietary-quality-and-health-status-among-division-1-college-athletes-at-moderate-altitude\/","title":{"rendered":"Assessing the Dietary Quality and Health Status among Division 1 College Athletes at Moderate Altitude"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors:<\/strong> Jay T. Sutliffe, Julia C. Gardner, Jenny M. Gormley, Mary Jo. Carnot, and Alison Adams<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corresponding Author:<\/strong>
Jay Sutliffe, PhD, RD
PO Box 15095
Flagstaff AZ, 86011
Jay.sutliffe@nau.edu
928-523-7596<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jay T. Sutliffe is Associate Professor of Nutrition and Foods\nand the Director of the PRANDIAL Lab at Northern Arizona University in\nFlagstaff, AZ; Julia C. Gardner is a research coordinator with the PRANDIAL Lab\nat Northern Arizona University; Mary Jo Carnot is professor of Counseling,\nPsychological Sciences, and Social Work at Chadron State College in Chadron,\nNE.; Jenny M. Gormley is a research assistant and student at Northern Arizona\nUniversity; Alison Adams, is Professor of Biology at Northern Arizona\nUniversity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assessing the Dietary Quality and\nHealth Status Among Division 1 College Athletes at Moderate Altitude<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Student-athletes\u2019 dietary habits are\ningrained in a complex interaction as they seek to maintain the balance between\nstudent and athlete. Assessing the dietary habits and lifestyle factors\nassociated with this highly demanding population is the focus of this study.\nEighty-nine Division I Collegiate Athletes was assessed (age 19.84 \u00b1 1.15 yr).\nMeasurements included diet quality, body composition, blood lipid profiling,\nand wellness factors. Significant deficiencies in Vitamin D (football 6.68 \u00b1\n5.84; basketball 4.33 \u00b1 3.17; swim\/dive 4 \u00b1 2.97; volleyball 4.07 \u00b1 2.97) and\nOmega 3-EPA & DHA (football 125.84 \u00b1 301.03; basketball 53.92 \u00b1 48.05;\nswim\/dive 29.45 \u00b1 35.83; volleyball 42.79 \u00b1 30.77), Calcium (swim\/dive 1083.55\n\u00b1 437.88), and Potassium (swim\/dive 1083.55 \u00b1 437.88) were reported. All teams\nexhibited an energy deficit, however, the highest energy deficit was for\nfootball (-843.57 calories). All teams had higher than recommended levels of\nperceived stress, averaging 20.63, and swim\/dive had higher levels of\ndepressive symptoms (6.17 \u00b1 3.30). All teams reported poor sleep quality,\naveraging 7.20. This assessment indicates variability in dietary quality and\nwellness factors among individuals and teams. Individualized guidelines should\nbe recommended for those experiencing food intake challenges such as the unique\nneeds of moderate altitude athletes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> micronutrients, nutrition intervention, athlete, body-composition, altitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Student-athlete diets are often\nlacking in variety, micronutrients, and are typically high in processed foods,\nrefined fatty foods, and simple carbohydrates (3, 10, 17). Additionally,\nstudent-athlete energy intake is often inadequate to support strenuous training\nregimens due to consumption of insufficient calories to fuel energy\nexpenditure, potentially leading to low energy availability. Prolonged low\nenergy availability may subsequently result in inadequate micronutrient\nconsumption. Regular and ongoing suboptimal intakes of vitamins and minerals\nmay result in a reduction in work performance and endurance, delayed recovery,\nimpaired muscle function, increased ventilation and heart rate, increased risk\nof disease, and limited work capacity (25, 26). Micronutrients are key\ncomponents of all human metabolic processes including immunity, inflammation,\nand recovery and the recommended intake significantly increases with athletic\ntraining and competition.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At moderate altitude, there may be\nspecific altitude-related effects for student-athletes in relation to energy\nneeds and expenditure, hydration status, dietary carbohydrate intake,\nantioxidant needs, iron storage, vitamin D, the B vitamins, and other non-nutritional\nwellness aspects (28). Additionally, the demands of altitude may lead to\nhypoxia and appetite suppression while corresponding basal metabolic rates may\nincrease, resulting in the gradual reduction in body weight and muscle mass\n(11). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the current study, dietary\nquality, serum lipid profiles, body composition and related anthropometric\nmeasures, hydration status, blood pressure, and well-being measures such as\nsleep, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed in Division 1\ncollegiate student-athletes at moderate altitude (5,000-8,000 feet above sea\nlevel) (12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participants <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volunteers were recruited from the student-athlete\npopulation at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I\nprogram situated at approximately 7,000 feet above sea level. All participants\nwere involved in 1-3 hours\/day of moderate to high-intensity exercise most\ndays. Of eighty-nine participants enrolled, 74.16 % were male and 25.84 %\nfemale. Participants represented the following sport teams: men\u2019s football\n(61.80 %), men’s basketball (12.36 %), women’s volleyball (10.11 %) and women’s\nswim\/dive (15.73 %) with a mean age 19.84 \u00b1 1.15 years. Several ethnicities\nwere represented: 56.1% Caucasian, 28.09% African American, 6.74% South\nAmerican, and 1.12% Southeast Asian. Overall, the sample represents 25.4% of\nthe total student-athlete population for 2017 (29). No exclusionary health\ncriteria were developed for this study, as all NCAA student-athletes are\nrequired to complete yearly athletic physicals to screen for possible health\nrisks. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB ID 982568)\nand all participants provided informed consent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Study Design<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The purpose of this study was to\ndetermine dietary quality, food frequency, body composition, anthropometric,\nblood-lipid, and well-being status of NCAA Division 1 American student-athletes\nliving, training, and competing at moderate altitude. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diet Quality and Assessment<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using\nthe direct interview method at the Laboratory for Exercise and Nutrition (LEAN\nLab), trained interviewers collected 24-Hour Dietary Recall (24HR) and one-week\nFood Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) from each participant (1). The 24HR is a\nnutrition assessment method recalling foods and beverages consumed in the\ntwenty-four hours prior to the interview. The 24HR is a commonly used method\nfor dietary assessment and has been validated for use with athletes (2). Since\nthe 24HR is unable to account for day-to-day variation, the FFQ was also used.\nThe FFQ is a dietary survey method that places minimal burden on participants\nand documents general food consumption patterns over the past week or month.\nThe FFQ has been shown to have validity among young athletes (36).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For\nboth the 24HR and FFQ, to increase accurate and specific recall, Nasco food models\/replicas\nwere utilized to confirm specific portions of the food and beverages consumed;\nNasco, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, USA. The data from these interviews were then\nentered into the online United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)\nSuperTracker tool by a member of the research team. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nUSDA SuperTracker is an online food tracking tool designed to provide an\naccurate assessment of dietary intake and quality (Supertracker.usda.gov). This\nsoftware provides a comparison between the participants\u2019 actual dietary\nconsumption and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans based on activity level.\nThe comparison is provided in a nutrient intake report, providing information\nfor calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients. NOTE: The SuperTracker tool\nwas discontinued June 30, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blood-Lipid Analysis <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A blood-lipid profile, performed by\ntrained technicians, was conducted after participants fasted for a minimum of\n8-hours, and performed at 6:30 – 9:30 A.M. The technician\u2019s utilized 35-ml\ncapillary whole blood specimens obtained by finger stick applied to the Clinical\nLaboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) waived Alere Cholestech LDX System\nAnalyzer; Alere, Abbott Rapid Diagnostics, Illinois, USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anthropometric and Body-Composition\nMeasurements  <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evaluation of body composition was\nconducted using tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); BIA; Seca\u00ae\nmBCA 515, HANS E. R\u00dcTH S.A., Hamburg, Germany. BIA is an efficient and\nnon-invasive technique that enables determination of body composition based on\nthe measurement of electrical characteristics of the human body by body region.\nRegions included left and right arms and legs, and the torso. These data can be\nused to assess metabolic activity, energy consumption, energy reserves, fluid\nstatus, and abdominal fat (Visceral Adipose Tissue, VAT).  Phase angle (phA) in BIA is a validated\nmeasurement that correlates with percentage body fat (%BF), body mass index\n(BMI), fat mass (FM), and total body water (TBW) (22). A low phase angle by BIA\nis associated with increased morbidity and nutritional risk (23,32). However,\nanthropometric measurements also need to be considered, since phA is affected\nby body geometry as well. Individuals with hydration outliers i.e., unstable\nextracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) ratios can obtain a\nphase angle measurement when using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis\n(BIVA), which uses the plot resistance and reactance normalized per height\n(21,33).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well-being Measures <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well-being\ndata were collected and managed using the Research Electronic Data Capture\n(REDCap) electronic data tool (14). REDCap is a secure web application for\nbuilding and managing online surveys and databases. It is designed to support\nonline or offline data capture for any type of data including 21 CFR Part 11\nand Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant\nenvironments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nfollowing self-reported well-being measures were collected electronically:\nPatient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (20) for depressive symptoms, the\nPittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (8), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (9),\nand the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Questionnaire (GerdQ) (16). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descriptive\nstatistics were used to describe the basic characteristics of the data using Software\nfor Statistics and Data Science (STATA) software version 15.1; StataCorp LLC,\nCollege Station, Texas, USA. SYSTAT version 13 was used for other analyses;\nSystat Software Inc., San Jose, California, USA. For most variables,\ndescriptive data only are of interest in establishing measures of diet and\nnutrition for student-athletes. Comparisons to RDI were completed using single\nsample t tests, with an alpha level of .01. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

RESULTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1 describes the various\ncomponents related to energy balance by sport. The results reveal that none of\nthe sports teams consumed adequate energy to cover the energy requirements\nrepresented by their estimated total energy expenditure. Of the teams\nrepresented, football showed the largest deficit of energy of 843.57 calories\nper day. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Table 2 indicates average\nmacronutrient and related consumption by sport. On average, all teams consumed\nadequate amounts of protein. For football, carbohydrate and fiber consumption\nwas low, and total fats, saturated fats were higher than recommended for male\nathletes. Cholesterol intake was higher than recommended for three of the four\nteams with football consuming nearly double the recommended amount. Omega-3\nfatty acid consumption was very low for all teams. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Table 3 indicates average\nmicronutrient consumption by sport. Each team was significantly above the Reference\nDaily Intake (RDI) for many of the nutrients, but there were some exceptions,\nincluding Vitamin D (significantly below RDI for all teams), calcium\n(significantly below RDI for all teams except football), and potassium\n(significantly below RDI for swim\/dive).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Descriptive results for the FFQ are\npresented in Table 4. From the results it is noted that there is great\nvariability in dairy, alcohol, and juice consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anthropometric and body composition\ndata measured by Seca\u00ae mBCA 515 are shown in Table 5. In this group of young\nhealthy adults, we do not find too many health risks. BMI is higher than\nrecommended for the football team but this may be related to increased muscle\nmass. Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI), Fat Mass Index (FMI), VAT and water measures\nin relationship to standard BMI categories are shown in Table 6. Football\nplayers in the obese category had a high FMI, but measures of VAT, TBW, ICW,\nECW, and ECW\/TBW ratios are in the normal range. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Biometric measures are shown in Table\n7. Total serum cholesterol was at recommended levels for all teams. Low-density\nLipoprotein (LDL) and Total Cholesterol\/High-Density Lipoproteins (TC\/HDL)\nratios were at acceptable levels with the exception of men\u2019s basketball, they\nwere at borderline levels. Triglycerides and blood glucose were at the\nrecommended levels for all athletes, except for men\u2019s basketball, which showed\ngreater-than-ideal fasting blood glucose levels. Resting heart rate and\ndiastolic blood pressure were at recommended level for all teams, but systolic\nblood pressure was higher than recommended for the men\u2019s teams. Although most\nteam average values for body composition and biomarkers indicate that there are\nminimal health risks, there is significant variability in the data. It should\nalso be noted that with the relatively small sample sizes, a single outlier can\nhave a major impact on team measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Wellness measures are shown in Table\n8.  For depressive symptoms only swim and\ndive scored above recommendation.  Sleep\nquality and stress scores were above recommended levels for all teams. GERDQ\nscores were at recommended levels for all teams. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\nfound a trend of consistent under-consumption of energy across teams, which is\nlikely to impact training, performance and optimal recovery (24). As energy\nexpenditure of athletes at moderate altitude has been reported to be 2.5-3\ntimes higher than athletes at sea level (28) this specific student-athlete\npopulation may have even greater caloric needs than currently assumed.\nFurthermore, exposure to moderate altitude has been shown to suppress hunger\nand appetite (28). One approach to addressing low energy availability at\nmoderate altitude could be to encourage student-athletes to consume foods more\nfrequently as well as more liquid foods that are potentially more tolerable\nwhen hunger is suppressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carbohydrate and Dietary\nFiber<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As all\nparticipants were involved in 1-3 hours\/day of moderate to high-intensity\nexercise most days, recommended carbohydrate intake was 6 – 10 grams per\nkilogram per day (g\/kg\/d) (7). No athlete group exceeded 4.61 g\/kg\/d. Demanding\nintermittent high-intensity movements over a prolonged period of time in all of\nthese athletes could necessitate carbohydrate ingestion before, during, and\nafter exercise (2). Additionally, adequate glycogen replenishment between\ntraining sessions should be emphasized in future educational efforts, since\ndepletion of glycogen stores are associated with fatigue and a corresponding\nreduction in work rates, impaired skill and concentration, and increased\nperception of effort (37). Overall dietary fiber intake was at or over\nrecommended amounts with the exception of football. Specific recommendations to\nimprove carbohydrate and fiber consumption could include timing the intake of\ncarbohydrates, consumption of nutrient-dense, low glycemic index carbohydrates\nsources, as well as the use of liquid sources of carbohydrate when appetite may\nnot adequately stimulate the desire to eat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protein<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although\nall teams easily met their protein needs with food consumption alone, it is\npossible that a portion of the protein intake was siphoned away to meet energy\nneeds at the expense of protein synthesis or maintenance. If total energy\ndeficit were to continue, increasing protein intake > 2.0 g\/kg\/d should be\nconsidered (27). Of equal importance is the need for protein periodization to\nensure that protein is consumed before and after exercise sessions and every 3\nto 5 hours over multiple meals (35). The males tended to have more animal\nprotein ingestion while the female athletes tended towards more diversity of\nblending animal and plant proteins. Higher plant-based protein sources lead to\na corresponding increased consumption of micronutrients and should be\nencouraged in all athletes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dietary Fat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmale student-athletes in this study were found to be above the recommended\nlevels for total and saturated fat and all student-athletes were found to be\nlacking in Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic\nacid (DHA) fats. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nability of EPA & DHA to potentially decrease inflammatory markers is of\nutmost importance to athletes and their overall training and performance (18).\nThis information will guide our future educational efforts to ensure that\nathletes are aware of the food sources, such as seeds, nuts, leafy greens, and\nfatty fish that are rich in EPA, DHA and the related precursors.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dietary Cholesterol <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since\nthree of the four teams exceeded the daily dietary cholesterol recommendations,\nnutrition education efforts should be made to help these student-athletes\nadjust their food intake in an effort to minimize the potential increased risk\nof endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, heart disease, and subsequently\nreduced blood flow needed for working muscles (13).   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohol<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Athletes\nare often encouraged to abstain from alcohol to avoid the potentially\ndetrimental effects on sports performance and recovery (4). Football reported\nthey consumed on average 8.48 servings per week. Although this is consistent\nwith the findings of others, it is significantly higher than the other sports\nteams reported (19). Student-athletes should consider abstinence or alcohol\nconsumption with a calculated approach, whereby they stay within the reported\ndose of approximately 0.5 g\/kg of body weight or less to reduce the likelihood\nof impacting recovery and sports performance (4). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Micronutrients<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nmicronutrient consumption reported in this study revealed tremendous\nvariability. The micronutrients of specific importance for athletic performance\ninclude vitamin D, calcium, iron, the B-vitamins, choline, and magnesium. Of\nthese, the only ones that showed deficiencies amongst the athletes were vitamin\nD and calcium.  Vitamin D is important\nfor calcium regulation and bone health; a chronic deficiency may lead to\nincreased injuries and stress fractures. All athlete groups showed significant\ndeficiencies of vitamin D consumption, which could be rectified by consuming\nVitamin D-containing or fortified foods, and\/or dietary supplementation.  Calcium intake was suboptimal for three of\nthe four teams. Calcium is vital for muscle contraction, bone mineralization,\nand blood circulation. As such, athletic training places additional demands on\nthe body and calcium intake and absorption needs to be monitored. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Food Frequency\nQuestionnaire<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nfood frequency patterns indicate tremendous variability and patterns among\nindividuals, genders, and teams. There are multiple explanations for these\ndifferences, including individual and team culture, shared meals, and whether\nthe participant lived on or off campus.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anthropometrics and Body\nComposition<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For\nall teams except football, FMI was in normal ranges for all participants. Of\nthe 55 football players, 76.4 percent were classified as overweight or obese\nbased on BMI.  Within the overweight\ngroup of 21 individuals, all were classified within normal ranges of FMI. Within\nthe obese group of 21 individuals, 71.4 percent had a high FMI. Those football\nstudent-athletes who were classified as obese are at increased risk for insulin\nresistance and metabolic syndrome. This is consistent with Borchers et al, who\nstudied Division 1 collegiate football players and found that of the\nindividuals who were obese (all linemen), 13 of 19 were insulin resistant, and\nall of them were living with metabolic syndrome (9). Borchers et al defined insulin\nresistance by using the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)\ncalculations and metabolic syndrome using criteria from the NCEP ATP III\nclinical definition. It appears as though, those athletes that tend to store\nmore body fat in the abdominal region, and have higher levels of VAT, may need\nadditional education on how they can adopt lifestyle behaviors that will help\nminimize the cardiometabolic risks associated with increased VAT. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydration\nat moderate altitude is known to be an added concern for athletes. Participants\nin this study showed great variability in levels of hydration, as measured by\nSeca\u00ae mBCA 515. With the dry air at moderate altitude, the lungs must humidify\nthe air, which may require additional fluids. In future education efforts, it\nis imperative to emphasize the need to monitor hydration status closely. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biometrics<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since\nthe mean age of the participants in this study was 19.84 years old and the\naverage physical activity levels were high we did not anticipate widespread\nabnormalities in serum biometric factors. However, the total cholesterol,\nsystolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels were slightly\nelevated with men\u2019s basketball. A potential relationship may exist between\nthese elevated readings and the number of processed foods and animal protein consumed.\nBy providing all athletes with information and practical tips on how to consume\nmore energy-dense as well as nutrient-dense food choices the overall dietary\nprofile may improve in relation to also consuming more micronutrients.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well-Being Measures<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\nwas an overall less than desirable quality of sleep experienced across the\nteams. In addition, the swim\/dive participants had the most unfavorable\nreadings for all well-being measures, except GERD. One explanation might be\nthat the swim\/dive participants have a long competitive season that may\ncontribute to an overall decrease in well-being. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In light of the findings of low energy availability in this assessment,\nwe are now scheduled to conduct an investigation with the football student-athletes\naimed at determining the primary causes of this low energy availability trend.\nWe will be assessing: access to food, appetite, hunger, nutrition knowledge,\nand other factors associated with limited food consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

APPLICATIONS IN SPORT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our study supports the notion that collegiate student-athletes would\nbenefit by having either team nutrition education and\/or individualized\nnutrition counseling available (30). There is a need for basic and practical\nfood education that takes into consideration current guidelines and that\nemphasizes strategic food consumption e.g., meal timing, fluid timing, travel\ntips, season variability in training: in-season versus off-season plans, and\ntournaments. However, since dietary habits are ingrained in a complex interaction\nof multiple factors it is imperative to provide educational methods that allow\nfor personalization (6, 34). In addition, overall wellness and implications of\nmoderate altitude need adequate attention in future educational sessions.\n It is also important to include the coaching and support staff in all\neducational efforts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nauthors would like to acknowledge the support of the Plant-Rich and Nutrient\nDense Interventions for Active Lifestyles (PRANDIAL) Lab at Northern Arizona\nUniversity as well as the individual athletes who participated in this\nresearch. Special mentions go toWendy Wetzel, Dierdra Bycura,\nArron Shiffer, Sara Moore, and Anthony Santos for their help conducting the\ntesting and Sam Lawson and Barbara-ann Herkens for their help with literature\nreviews. This research was funded by the Eric M. Lehrman 2015 Trust and\nNorthern Arizona University Department of Health Sciences, 2018. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  38. \u00a0United States Department of Agriculture Super Tracker. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.supertracker.usda.gov\/. \\lsdlocked0 G<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Authors: Jay T. Sutliffe, Julia C. Gardner, Jenny M. Gormley, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[994,898],"tags":[914,1078,1462,1461],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-1DB","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7160,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/assessing-the-outcomes-of-a-brief-nutrition-education-intervention-among-division-i-football-student-athletes-at-moderate-altitude\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":0},"title":"Assessing the Outcomes of a Brief Nutrition Education Intervention Among Division I Football Student-Athletes at Moderate Altitude","date":"July 3, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Sam T. Lawson, Julia C. Gardner, Mary Jo Carnot, Samuel S. Lackey, Nanette V. Lopez, and Jay T. Sutliffe Corresponding Author:Jay Sutliffe, PD, RDFlagstaff AZ, 86011Jay.sutliffe@nau.edu928-523-7596 Sam T. Lawson is an undergraduate research assistant and student at Northern Arizona University. Julia C. Gardner is a research coordinator with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7540,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/who-are-the-undergraduate-equestrians-in-the-intercollegiate-horseshows-association-and-what-are-their-lifestyle-habits\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":1},"title":"Who Are the Undergraduate Equestrians in the Intercollegiate Horseshows Association, and What Are Their Lifestyle Habits?","date":"November 27, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Jessie Bitler, Amanda J. Sandroni, Shelby Yeager, Helen Batisti, Diane M. DellaValle* Nutrition, Athletic Training and Exercise Science Department (NATES), Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA Corresponding Author:Diane M. DellaValle, PhD, RDN, LDNMarywood University2300 Adams AveScranton, PA 18509Ph: 570-348-6211Fax: 570-340-6029Email: ddellavalle@marywood.edu Jessie M. Bitler, MS was a graduate student at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Figure1-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6416,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/endurance-masters-athletes-a-model-of-successful-ageing-with-clinically-superior-bmi\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":2},"title":"Endurance masters athletes: A model of successful ageing with clinically superior BMI?","date":"April 25, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Mike Climstein, PhD, FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS, Joe Walsh, MSc, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, PhD, Mark DeBeliso, PhD, FACSM Corresponding Author:Dr. Mike ClimsteinClinical Exercise Physiology, School of Health and Human SciencesSouthern Cross University (Gold Coast Campus)Bilinga,\u00a0 Qld 4225Australiamichael.climstein@scu.edu.au+617 5509 3330 Dr. Mike Climstein (FASMF, FACSM, FAAESS, AEP) is with Clinical Exercise\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"Figure 1. CONSORT flow diagram of seach strategy","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Figure-1.-CONSORT-flow-diagram-of-seach-strategy.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":290,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/nutrition-knowledge-and-attitudes-of-college-athletes\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":3},"title":"Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of College Athletes","date":"March 14, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Debra Dunn, R.N., B.S.N., M.S., C.N.O.R., Lori W. Turner, Ph.D., R.D. & George Denny, Ph.D. Abstract: Research indicates that the nutritional knowledge of athletes is minimal. Dietary behaviors may hinder health status and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to compare nutrition knowledge and attitudes of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Exercise Science"","img":{"alt_text":"Knowledge and Attitudes in Nutrition Among College Athletes","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/03\/Lori-Turner_Table-1-1024x1008.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1742,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/nutritional-knowledge-of-alabama-undergraduate-students\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":4},"title":"Nutritional Knowledge of Alabama Undergraduate Students","date":"March 11, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Shelley L. Holden, Steven F. Pugh, Phillip M. Norrell and Christopher M. Keshock Abstract Alabama has one of the highest rates of obesity in the U.S. and nutritional knowledge may be a factor in those statistics. Recent studies found more than a third of U.S. adults, and over\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Screen Shot 2014-03-11 at 9.28.05 AM","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Screen-Shot-2014-03-11-at-9.28.05-AM.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":8070,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/campus-recreation-sport-club-participants-exploring-subjective-wellbeing\/","url_meta":{"origin":6299,"position":5},"title":"Campus recreation sport club participants: Exploring subjective wellbeing","date":"November 19, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Laura M. Morris1, Jason Foster2, Cara L. Sidman3, and Alyssa Henyecz1 1School of Health & Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA2Former School of Health & Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA3College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6299"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6299"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6311,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6299\/revisions\/6311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}