{"id":469,"date":"2012-11-15T15:17:18","date_gmt":"2012-11-15T15:17:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:59:00","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T19:59:00","slug":"female-athletes-and-eating-disorders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/female-athletes-and-eating-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"Female Athletes and Eating Disorders"},"content":{"rendered":"
Danielle Soubliere and Priscilla N. Gitimu<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/h3>\n

Sports should prevent athletes from having eating disorders not develop eating disorders. There is evidence that female athletes are at a risk of developing
\ndisordered eating. The purpose of this study was to find how prevalent eating disorders are in female athletes and examine factors that may have a relationship
\nwith eating disorders.<\/p>\n

A questionnaire containing two instruments was distributed to volunteer female athletes in a Midwestern university. The EAT 26 was used to measure the prevalence
\nof eating disorders. The ATHLETE questionnaire was used to inquire some factors that may have a relationship with eating disorders among athletes. Results showed
\n14.3% of the respondents scored a 20 and above on the EAT 26 and thus considered at risk of having an eating disorder. The ATHLETE questionnaire showed that
\nthere were some significant negative correlations between the EAT 26 score and participant\u2019s feelings about their body, feelings about sports, feelings
\nabout performance, and feelings about eating. The negative correlations meant that the more the participants scored high on their feelings about their body,
\nsports, performance, and eating, the less likely they scored low on the EAT 26 indicating they did not have a risk of an eating disorder.<\/p>\n

This study implies that when athletes feel good about their body, sport, performance and their eating, the less likely they will have an eating disorder. This study
\nmakes an important contribution in understanding female athletes and eating disorders as well as factors that may have a relationship to eating disorders
\nin female athletes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h3>\n

An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that many women can acquire, ncluding collegiate athletes. Participation in sports activity can be a healthy
\nand enjoyable experience that can enhance self-worth and self-image in female athletes (12). Many people may believe that because athletes participate in
\nsports and maintain high levels of physical activity, they are not as self-conscience about their bodies. Contrary to this belief, (1) stated in their study that
\nathletes are at a greater risk for developing eating disorders than non-athletes. Why female athletes have eating disorders when they are so active is a question
\nof interest to many people. The purpose of this study is to find how prevalent eating disorders are in female athletes and examine factors that may have a
\nrelationship with eating disorders.<\/p>\n

Incorrect weight perceptions are more common in young women, with persistent overestimation of weight and attempts to lose weight even when unnecessary (7).
\n(5) stated that female athletes are a group particularly at risk for developing eating disorders or engaging in unhealthy behaviors to control their weight.
\nThese athletes not only face the typical social pressures to be thin, but they also are immersed in a social context that focuses on their bodies.<\/p>\n

Eating disorders are behavioral syndromes associated with considerable mobility that present onset of the highest mortality rates among mental illnesses. The
\nprevalence of eating disorders\u2019 has increased since the 1990s in both female athletes and non-athletes. Female athletes go through a lot of pressures
\nand conflicts playing collegiate sports. Female athletes are a group particularly at risk for developing eating disorders or engaging in unhealthy behaviors to
\ncontrol their weight (13).<\/p>\n

The western cultural emphasis given to weight and body shape points towards a \u201cbeauty standard\u201d centered on thinness disorders (11). For some
\nfemale college athletes, college concerns and pressures may contribute to eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors (6). The sports environment can heighten
\nbody and weight related concerns because of factors such as pressure from coaches and social comparisons, body dissatisfaction, physique anxiety, and perfectionism
\n(6, 11). A lack of professional guidance can make an athlete vulnerable to the onset of disordered eating (10). It appears that negative moods such as anxiety,
\nperfectionism, and negative comments about body shape or weight from coaches are related to disorder eating in female athletes (1). (9) found that social
\npressure on body shape was strongly correlated with body dissatisfaction. Female athletes\u2019 body dissatisfaction has shown correlation with bulimia (6).
\nAccording to (7), perfectionism, for example in sports has been found to be a risk factor for bulimic symptoms.<\/p>\n

However, prevalence of clinical and subclinical eating disorders has been found to be higher-among female athletes than non-athletes (5). Young women, particularly
\nthose in aesthetic sports are vulnerable to body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and disordered eating (10). Situational factors specifically involvement in
\nindividual sports or team sports, may put athletes in situations where social physique anxiety and disordered eating is likely to be heightened to manage
\nweight and shape concerns (13, 8).<\/p>\n

This is an important topic because although physical activity enhances self-esteem and promotes physical and emotional well-being, there is evidence that female
\nathletes are at a risk of developing disordered eating. It is important to investigate some of the reasons why female collegiate athletes feel the need to have disordered
\neating. Results of the study can assist in developing and executing suitable eating-disorder prevention and intervention programs for female college athletes.
\nThe purpose of the study was twofold. First, it was to assess how prevalent eating disorders were among female college athletes. Secondly, it was to explore
\nsome factors that may have a relationship with eating disorders.<\/p>\n

Methods<\/h3>\n

Participants<\/em>
\nThere were 56 participants in total, including 11 freshman, 21 sophomores, 13 juniors and 11 seniors. The following sports were included: soccer (23.2%),
\nsoftball (23.2%), track and field (41.1%), and swimming (12.5%). The age range was between 18 to 22 years, with over 98% being between 18 and 21 years. The
\nentire sample was Caucasian with an exception of one participant.
\nInstruments <\/em><\/p>\n

A questionnaire was used to collect data, it included a demographic section on age, sex, height, weight and race of the participants. Two instruments were
\nincluded in the questionnaire, the first being the EAT 26 by (4), which measured prevalence of eating disorders among athletes. The EAT 26 has been used extensively
\nin research as a reliable measure of prevalence of eating disorders. The EAT-26 scale is comprised of these dimensions: dieting, bulimia and food preoccupation,
\nand oral control. Each item on the scale is rated on a scale of 0-6 as follows: never=0, rarely=0, sometimes=0, often=1, usually=2, and always=3, except for
\nitem 25 which is reverse scored.<\/p>\n

Second was the ATHLETE questionnaire, which was used to inquire some factors that may relate with eating disorders among athletes. The ATHLETE questionnaire
\nis a reliable and valid measure of factors that may relate to disordered eating in athletes (9). The ATHLETE questionnaire has the following factors that have
\nshown association with disordered eating: feelings about being an athlete, the athlete\u2019s body and sports, feelings about performance, team support, feelings
\nabout one\u2019s body, and feelings about eating.<\/p>\n

Both instruments showed acceptable reliability. The EAT 26 included 26 items and yielded a reliability value of .76. The six factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire
\ndemonstrated the following reliability values: feelings about being an athlete included five items with a reliability of .71, athlete\u2019s body and sports
\nincluded 12 items with a reliability of .87, feelings about performance included seven items with a reliability of .67, team support included four items with
\na reliability of .73, feelings about one\u2019s body included six items a reliability of .85, and feelings about eating included four items with a reliability of
\n.85.<\/p>\n

Procedures<\/em>
\nThe researchers first obtained Human subjects approval from the IRB before conducting the study. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants, and it contained
\nthe demographic section of the questionnaire, the EAT 26, and the ATHLETE questionnaire. The questionnaire was given to volunteer female athletes at a Midwestern university.
\nA volunteer female athlete served as the monitor and distributed the questionnaires. The study was conducted in the absence of the coach and the researchers so that
\nthe participants would not feel any coercion to participate in the study. The consent information for the participants was included at the beginning of the
\nquestionnaire. The consent information explained that participating in the study was totally voluntary and that by completing the questionnaire, the participant
\nwas giving consent to participate in the study. The questionnaire was completed anonymously and since there were no signed informed consent it was not possible
\nto identify individuals who participated in the study nor those whose scores indicated they were at risk of an eating disorder. Due to the sensitive nature
\nof the study, all participants were provided with referral information to their school\u2019s health center and the crises hotline center, in case they realized
\nthey were at risk of acquiring an eating disorder.<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/em>
\nThe data was entered into SPSS program – PASW Statistics 18. Reliability test for the EAT 26 and the ATHLETE questionnaire was analyzed. Descriptive statistics
\nwere analyzed for the EAT 26. Those who scored EAT 26=20 were considered at risk of having an eating disorder. ANOVAs were computed to compare the means
\nof EAT 26 by year in school, age, weight, and sport participation. Correlations were completed between the EAT 26 and the factors of the ATHLETE questionnaire.<\/p>\n

Results<\/h3>\n

There were 56 total participants who responded to the questionnaire. Frequencies were completed for EAT 26. If the participant scored EAT 26=20, then they were
\nconsidered at risk of having an eating disorder. Results showed that 8 female athletes, (14.3%) scored a 20 and above and were thus considered at risk of
\nhaving an eating disorder. The EAT 26 mean was 7.9 and standard deviation was 7.6. Figure 1 shows details of how the participants responded to the EAT 26.<\/p>\n

ANOVAs were used to compare the means of EAT 26 by classification year, age, weight, and sports participation. Only age showed a significant difference in
\nmeans for the EAT 26. Further, Cross tabs were completed between those who had EAT26=20 and age. Results showed all of the 8 participants who had EAT 26=20
\nwere 19 years of age.<\/p>\n

Descriptive statistics were conducted on how the female athletes performed on the ATHLETE questionnaire, which can be seen in Table 1. Pearson correlation
\nwas conducted to see whether there was a relationship between EAT 26 and ATHLETE questionnaire factors.
\nThese four factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire demonstrated significant Pearson correlation values with EAT 26: feelings about body and sports with a correlation
\nof -.53, feelings about performance with a correlation of -.51, feelings about your body with a correlation of -.50, and feelings about eating with a correlation
\nof -.31. These two factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire did not demonstrate significant Pearson correlation values with EAT 26: feelings about being an
\nathlete, and team support. Table 2 shows details about correlations between EAT 26 and the ATHLETE questionnaire factors.<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/h3>\n

This study found 14.3 % of female athletes were considered at risk of having an eating disorder. This study also reported that everyone found to have an
\neating disorder was 19 years old. The ATHLETE questionnaire showed that there were some significant negative correlations between the EAT 26 score and participant\u2019s
\nfeelings about their body, feelings about sports, feelings about performance, and feelings about eating. The negative correlations meant that the more the
\nparticipants scored high on their feelings about their body, sport, performance, and eating, the less they scored on the EAT 26, indicating they did not have
\nan eating disorder.<\/p>\n

Two of the factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire dealt with body image; the athlete\u2019s body and sports, and feelings about one\u2019s body. Both factors
\nhad a significant negative correlation with EAT 26 scores. This indicated that the female athletes\u2019 who scored high on the athlete\u2019s body and sports,
\nand feelings about one\u2019s body were likely to score low on the EAT-26. Hence, indicating they were not likely to be at risk of an eating disorders.
\nThis finding concurs with the study by (2), which contended that body image dissatisfaction is the strongest predictor of eating disorder symptoms.<\/p>\n

A study done (6) stated that sport-related pressures such as weight limits, teammates\u2019 eating-related behaviors, judging criteria, revealing uniforms,
\nand coach expectations have been suggested as potential risk factors for an athlete to develop an eating disorder. Our study found that team support and
\nfeelings about being an athlete did not have a relationship with eating disorders. Another study done by (10) stated that families, peers, and coaches can have
\na major effect on female athletes. Our study did not show that pressures from the participant\u2019s families, peers, and coaches had any effect on the athlete
\nand eating disorders.<\/p>\n

This study found that \u2018feelings about performance\u2019 in the ATHLETE had a significant negative correlation with the EAT 26 total. This indicated
\nthat the more the athletes felt good about their performance in sports, the less likely they were at risk of an eating disorder. This finding concurs with
\n(1) study that stated that negative moods such as anxiety and perfectionism were related to disordered eating in female athletes.<\/p>\n

In the current study, all participants who scored EAT 26=20, were 19 years old, and were either sophomores or juniors in school. There were no freshman
\nor seniors found to have a risk of an eating disorder. This indicates that the female athlete participants felt more pressure or problems with their eating
\nin the middle of their college years. This finding concurs with the study by (2), which stated that eating and dieting problems in college freshman women
\nwas fairly stable across the first year of college. The current study suggests that the female athletes develop some eating disorder as they try to lose weight
\nin the sophomore year and stabilize by the fourth year. More research is needed on eating disorders of female athletes through the four college years.<\/p>\n

Since the participants is this study was were nearly all Caucasian, this study may have found higher levels of disordered eating concerns than a more diversified
\nsample. Future similar studies can build on this study by having a larger proportion of other ethnicities. In addition, future similar studies can have a wider range
\nof sport, especially sports where the athletes\u2019 uniforms for competition are more revealing such as swimming, dance, and gymnastics.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n

This study shows that eating disorders are prevalent among female athletes. Some factors that have a relationship with eating disorders include feelings
\nabout their body, sports performance, and eating. This study also shows that feelings about being an athlete such as being competitive and team support did
\nnot show much relationship with eating disorders.
\nThis study makes an important contribution in understanding females and eating disorders, as well the factors that may have a relationship in causing eating
\ndisorders in female athletes.<\/p>\n

Application to Sport<\/h3>\n

Eating disorders are still an issue of concern among female athletes. This study reveals that the more female athletes felt good about their body, sports,
\nperformance, and eating, the more likely they would not have an eating disorder. Feelings about an athlete like being competitive and team support did not show
\nmuch relationship with eating disorders. To keep away from disordered eating, female athletes ought to have positive inner feelings about themselves.<\/p>\n

Sports participation among college females should be encouraged because this will improve their \u2018feelings about their body\u2019 and in turn make
\nthem less at risk of getting an eating disorder. Participation in sports activity can be a healthy and enjoyable experience that can enhance self-worth and self-image
\nin female athletes (12). Since body image dissatisfaction is the strongest predictor of eating disorder symptoms (2), then body image holds the most promise as a
\nfocus for prevention programs of eating disorder among college female athletes.<\/p>\n

Disordered eating prevention efforts offered by college counseling centers for female athletes should focus on promoting students’ acceptance of their own
\nbodies. Such efforts will counteract the media influences that propagates the extremely \u2018thin ideal\u2019 that is unattainable by most normal female
\nathletes. A school-based sport centered program can be useful in deterring females from disordered eating (3). For those working with athletes, they should avoid
\nequating thinness to sport performance. They should be encouraged to become more knowledgeable and responsible regarding the critical role of healthy eating
\nand nutrition in female athletes. Such knowledge will equip them to play a significant role identifying, managing, and preventing eating disorders among female athletes
\nand increase prospects of a positive sport experience for female athletes. Female athletes ought to be encouraged to regard their health first before sports performance.
\nConsequently, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) emphasizes an athlete\u2019s health rather than weight and body composition (12).<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n

Many thanks to the anonymous volunteer female athletes who agreed to participate in this study.<\/p>\n

References<\/h3>\n

1. Arthur-Cameselle, J., Quatromoni, P.(2011). Factors related to the onset
\nof eating disorders reported by female collegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist,
\n25(1), 1-17.<\/p>\n

2. Cooley, E., & Toray, T. (2001). Disordered Eating in College Freshman
\nWomen: A Prospective Study. Journal of American College Health, 49(5), 229.<\/p>\n

3. Elliot D, Goldberg L, Moe E, et al. (2004). Preventing substance use and
\ndisordered eating: Initial outcomes of the ATHENA program. Arch Pediatric Adolescent
\nMedicine, 158:1043-1049.<\/p>\n

4. Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982).
\nThe Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological
\nMedicine, 12, 871\u2013878.<\/p>\n

5. Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T., Carter, J., Reel, J.(2009). Female collegiate
\nathletes: prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Journal
\nof American College Health, 57(5) 485-495.<\/p>\n

6. Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T., Reel, J., Carter, J. (2010). Psychosocial risk
\nfactors of bulimic symptomatology among female athletes. Journal of Clinical
\nSport Psychology, 4, 177-190.<\/p>\n

7. Haase, A.(2011). Weight perception in female athletes: association with
\ndisordered eating correlates and behavior. Eating Behaviors, 12,64-67. doi:
\n10.1016\/j.eatbeth.2010.09.004.<\/p>\n

8. Haase, A. (2009). Physique anxiety and disordered eating correlates in female
\nathletes: differences in team and individual sports. Journal of Clinical Sports
\nPsychology, 3, 218-231.<\/p>\n

9. Hinton, P. S., & Kubas, K. L. (2005). Psychosocial Correlates of Disordered
\nEating in Female Collegiate Athletes: Validation of the ATHLETE Questionnaire.
\nJournal of American College Health, 54(3), 149-156.<\/p>\n

10. Kerr, G., Berman, E., Jane De Souza, M. J.(2006). Disordered eating in
\nwomen\u2019s gymnastics: perspectives of athletes, coaches, parents, and judges.
\nJournal and Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 28-43. doi: 10.1080\/10413200500471301.<\/p>\n

11. Oliveria Coelho, G., Soares, E., & Ribeiro, B.(2010). Are female athletes
\nat increased risk for disordered eating and its complications. Appetite, 55,
\n379-387. doi:10.1016\/j.appet.2010.08.003.<\/p>\n

12. Sherman, R., & Thompson, R. A. (2006). Practical use of the International
\nOlympic Committee position stand on the female athlete triad; a case example.
\nInternational Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(3), 193-201. Doi:10..1002\/eat.20232.<\/p>\n

13. Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstviet, M.(2010). Aspects of disordered eating
\ncontinuum in elite high- intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine
\nand Science in Sports, 20, 112-121. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01190x.<\/p>\n

14. Torstviet, M., Rosenvinge, J., & Sundgot-Borgan, J.(2008). Prevalence
\nof eating disorders and the predictive power of risk models in female elite
\nathletes: a controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in
\nSports, 18, 108-118. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2001.00657x.<\/p>\n

Figures and Tables<\/h3>\n

Fig 1- Eat 26 Performance <\/em><\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/p>\n

Legend: Figure 1 shows frequencies of the EAT 26 totals for the female athletes,N=56. If the participant scored EATS 26=20 then they were considered at risk
\nof having an eating disorder. Figure 1 shows that eight participants (14.3%) had EAT 26=20.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2 – Descriptive Statistics of the ATHLETE Questionnaire <\/em><\/p>\n

Legend<\/span>: Table 2 shows the ATHLETE questionnaire which was used to inquire
\nsome factors that may relate with eating disorders among athletes. The ATHLETE questionnaire
\nhas six factors. Table 2 lists the six factors, sample questions on each factor,
\nas well as the descriptive statistics for the ATHLETE questionnaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Factors of the ATHLETE questionnaire <\/em><\/td>\nSample Question on the ATHLETE QUESTIONNIARE<\/em><\/td>\nNo of Items <\/em><\/td>\nTotal Possible <\/em><\/td>\nMean <\/em><\/td>\nSD<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about being an athlete<\/td>\nI cannot imagine what I will be like when I am no longer competing<\/td>\n\n
5<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
25<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
16.3<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
3.5<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The athlete\u2019s body and sports<\/td>\nI would be more successful in my sport if my body looked better and I
\noften wish I were leaner so I could perform better<\/td>\n		\n
12<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
60<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
41.1<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
9.4<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about performance<\/td>\nNo matter how successful I am, I never feel satisfied and my parents expect
\nmore of me athletically than I do for myself<\/td>\n		\n
7<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
35<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
22.8<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
4.9<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Team support<\/td>\nIt is hard to get close to my teammates because we are constantly competing
\nagainst each other<\/td>\n		\n
4<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
20<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
16.9<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
2.4<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about one\u2019s body<\/td>\nMy friends (non-athletes) make me feel I am too fat<\/td>\n\n
6<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
30<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
25.2<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
4.2<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feeling about eating<\/td>\nI feel uncomfortable eating in front of my friends<\/td>\n\n
4<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
20<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
17.6<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
4.3<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 3- Correlations between EAT 26 and the ATHLETE questionnaire<\/em>
\nLegend<\/span>: Table 3 shows the Pearson correlation values between EAT 26 and
\nthe ATHLETE questionnaire factors. These four factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire
\ndemonstrated significant Pearson correlation values with EAT 26; feelings about
\nbody and sports; feelings about performance; feelings about your body; and feelings
\nabout eating. These two factors in the ATHLETE questionnaire did not demonstrate
\nsignificant Pearson correlation values with EAT 26; feelings about being an
\nathlete, and team support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Factors of the ATHLETE questionnaire<\/td>\nPearson Correlation
\nWith
\nEAT 26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about being an athlete<\/td>\n.139<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The athlete\u2019s body and sports<\/td>\n-.530**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about performance<\/td>\n-.507**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Team support<\/td>\n.127<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feelings about one\u2019s body<\/td>\n-.502**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feeling about eating<\/td>\n-.313*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

** .01 correlation is significant at the .01 level
\n*.05 correlation is significant at the .05 level<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Danielle Soubliere and Priscilla N. Gitimu<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract <\/h3>\n

Sports should prevent athletes from having eating disorders not develop eating disorders. There is evidence that female athletes are at a risk of developing
\n disordered eating. The purpose of this study was to find how prevalent eating disorders are in female athletes and examine factors that may have a relationship
\n with eating disorders. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[290,292,291,296,294],"tags":[153,170,173,154,172],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-7z","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":467,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/title-female-athletes-and-eating-disorders\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":0},"title":"Female Athletes and Eating Disorders","date":"August 30, 2012","format":false,"excerpt":"Abstract Sports should prevent athletes from having eating disorders not develop eating disorders. There is evidence that female athletes are at a risk of developing disordered eating. The purpose of this study was to find how prevalent eating disorders are in female athletes and examine factors that may have a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":433,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/body-image-disturbances-in-ncaa-division-i-and-iii-female-athletes\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":1},"title":"Body Image Disturbances in NCAA Division I and III Female Athletes","date":"September 30, 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"Kato, K., Jevas, S., and Culpepper, D. ### Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine and compare eating characteristics and body image disturbances in female NCAA Division I and III athletes in the mainstream sports of basketball, softball, track\/cross country, volleyball, soccer, tennis, swimming\/diving, and ice hockey. Female\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2683,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-impact-of-eating-disorder-risk-on-sports-anxiety-and-sports-confidence-in-division-iii-female-athletes\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":2},"title":"The Impact of Eating Disorder Risk on Sports Anxiety and Sports Confidence in Division III Female Athletes","date":"April 1, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Submission by JoAnne Barbieri Bullard1, Psy.D.* 1* Instructor, Health and Exercise Science Department, Rowan University, JoAnne Barbieri Bullard is an instructor in the Health and Exercise Science Department at Rowan University. Bullard is also a Doctor of Sport Psychology and Performance and a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist. ABSTRACT Eating\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Exercise Science"","img":{"alt_text":"Table One","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Table1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1832,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/disordered-eating-eating-attitudes-and-reasons-for-exercise-among-male-high-school-cross-country-runners\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":3},"title":"Disordered Eating, Eating Attitudes, and Reasons for Exercise among Male High School Cross Country Runners","date":"April 28, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"ABSTRACT PURPOSE: This study investigated the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among male high school cross country runners. The study identified behaviors and feelings about being an athlete, and determined relationships between motivations to exercise and disordered eating behaviors. METHODS: Sixty-eight male high school cross country runners from 12 high\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Capture1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Capture11.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":299,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/eating-disorders-among-female-college-athletes\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":4},"title":"Eating Disorders Among Female College Athletes","date":"April 2, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted By: Nikkie Smiley, Aberdeen Family YMCA, Aberdeen, S.D., Jon Lim, Minnesota State University, United States Sports Academy Doctoral Graduate Abstract The study examined attitudes about eating in relation to eating disorders, among undergraduate female student-athletes and non-athletes at a mid-size Midwestern NCAA Division II university. It furthermore examined prevalence\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Exercise Science"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6855,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/disordered-eating-and-compulsive-exercise-in-collegiate-athletes-applications-for-sport-and-research\/","url_meta":{"origin":469,"position":5},"title":"Disordered Eating and Compulsive Exercise in Collegiate Athletes: Applications for Sport and Research","date":"February 14, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Ksenia Power, M.S., Sara Kovacs, Ph.D., Lois Butcher-Poffley, Ph.D., Jingwei Wu, Ph.D., and David Sarwer, Ph.D. Corresponding Author:Ksenia Power, PhD Candidate1800 N. Broad Street, Pearson Hall, 242Philadelphia PA, 19122tug82764@temple.edu267-766-8938 Ksenia Power is a Doctoral Candidate and an Instructor of Record in the Department of Kinesiology at Temple University, majoring\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Health & Fitness"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/469"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=469"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4584,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/469\/revisions\/4584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}