{"id":329,"date":"2009-01-08T02:09:48","date_gmt":"2009-01-08T02:09:48","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-10-20T09:59:29","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T14:59:29","slug":"does-theory-of-planned-behavior-explain-taiwan-teens-viewing-of-televised-ny-games-with-pitcher-chien-ming-wang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/does-theory-of-planned-behavior-explain-taiwan-teens-viewing-of-televised-ny-games-with-pitcher-chien-ming-wang\/","title":{"rendered":"Does Theory of Planned Behavior Explain Taiwan Teens\u2019 Viewing of Televised NY Games With Pitcher Chien-Ming Wang?"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Chen-Yueh Chen – National Chung Cheng University (Taiwan) and Yi-Hsiu Lin – Aletheia University (Taiwan)<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/p>\n

Taiwan\u2019s Chien-Ming Wang pitches for MLB\u2019s Yankees, his performance drawing Taiwanese viewers to telecasts and making him renowned in Taiwan. The theory of planned behavior was employed to investigate why Taiwanese adolescents watch Wang\u2019s televised games. The proposed model was analyzed with LISREL. Path analysis was performed for five hypotheses, namely (a) belief will positively affect attitude toward the act of viewing a game; (b) attitude toward the act will positively influence intention to watch; (c) perceived norm will positively influence intention to watch; (d) perceived behavioral control will positively affect intention to watch; and (e) perceived norm will positively influence attitude toward the act. The adolescents\u2019 behavior was well explained by the theory, the data supporting all hypotheses.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Does Theory of Planned Behavior Explain Taiwan Teens\u2019 Viewing of Televised NY Games With Pitcher Chien-Ming Wang?<\/p>\n

Chien-Ming Wang is a Taiwanese baseball player who currently pitches for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). Wang is one of the league\u2019s best, collecting 19 wins for the Yankees in the 2006 and 2007 seasons. Wang\u2019s spectacular performance with the Yankees has meant increasing numbers of Taiwanese viewers for televised Yankees games\u2014more specifically, for televised Wang games. Games have been televised in Taiwan since 1992, via a satellite sports channel. Their ratings are much higher now than in 1992, especially when Wang is pitching (Hu & Tsai, 2008). In short, it appears that Chien-Ming Wang has taken a place as one of Taiwan\u2019s most famous sports celebrities.<\/p>\n

Adoration of celebrities is particularly characteristic of adolescence (Lin & Lin, 2007). Reverence for sports celebrities is one of various forms of such adoration that adolescents often demonstrate (Greene & Adams-Price, 1990). In this study, we attempted to identify exactly what drives Taiwanese adolescents to watch the televised games in which Wang pitches. We used Ajzen\u2019s theory of planned behavior (1985) to try to explain the adolescents\u2019 behavior.<\/p>\n

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been used in various domains (Chiou, Huang, & Chuang, 2005; Goby, 2006), for example in empirical studies from the field of marketing (Chiou, 2000; Taylor & Todd, 1995). TPB proposes three conceptually independent antecedents of intention: attitude toward the act, perceived norm, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1985). According to TPB, the attitude toward the act is the degree to which the individual evaluates the particular behavior favorably or unfavorably. The perceived norm describes the individual\u2019s perception of social pressure to perform the act or not perform it. Perceived behavioral control, finally, reflects the extent of the resources for controlling the behavior which the individual perceives him- or herself to have.<\/p>\n

TPB is an extension of the earlier theory of reasoned action proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980). The addition of perceived behavioral control distinguishes the two. Perceived behavioral control is a critical factor, because people\u2019s behaviors are strongly affected by how confident they are that they can perform those behaviors (Chiou et al., 2005). Generally speaking, the more favorable a person\u2019s attitude toward an act, and the more strongly the person perceives the act as normative, and the more perceived control over the act, the stronger will be the intention to perform the act.<\/p>\n

In addition, the cognitive-affective-cognitive framework proposes that \u201cattitude structure starts with beliefs and is followed by affective response (e.g., attitude) and then cognitive responses (i.e., purchase intention)\u201d (Chiou et al., 2005, p. 319). From this it follows that belief is an antecedent of attitude toward an act. Research has also shown that perceived norm is very likely to affect the formation of attitude (Oliver & Bearden, 1985; Terry & Hogg, 1996). That is, people\u2019s attitudes may be influenced by their significant others.<\/p>\n

Based on the literature, we proposed that attitude toward the act, perceived norm, and perceived behavioral control would positively influence Taiwanese adolescents\u2019 intention to watch Wang pitch in a televised game. Furthermore, we proposed that belief and perceived norm would positively affect their attitude toward this act. Our hypotheses were the following:<\/p>\n

Hypothesis 1: Belief will positively influence attitude toward the act.<\/p>\n

Hypothesis 2: Attitude toward the act will positively influence intention to watch Wang\u2019s game.<\/p>\n

Hypothesis 3: Perceived norm will positively influence intention to watch Wang\u2019s game.<\/p>\n

Hypothesis 4: Perceived behavioral control will positively influence intention to watch Wang\u2019s game.<\/p>\n

Hypothesis 5: Perceived norm will positively influence attitude toward the act.<\/p>\n

Method<\/p>\n

Participants<\/em><\/p>\n

Participants were students from two junior high schools, two senior high schools, and two universities (we limited participation at the latter to freshman students). They were sampled in April 2008. Participation was voluntary. The questionnaires were distributed by the participants\u2019 teachers during a regular class meeting. Of 650 questionnaires distributed, 521 usable questionnaires were collected and used for analysis. The age of the participants ranged from 12 years to 20 years, with a mean of 16.11 years and a standard deviation of 2.18 years. There were 278 male and 243 female participants.<\/p>\n

Measures<\/em><\/p>\n

The measures of attitude toward the act, perceived norm, and perceived behavioral control were developed from Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), Azjen (1985, 1991), and Taylor and Todd (1995). The measures of intention to watch Wang\u2019s game were modified from Chiou et al. (2005). Measures of belief were based on a focus group of 5 students; the participants were asked to reveal the most important attributes driving them to view televised games featuring Wang. The results showed that excitement, national pride, and the tension of the game were the most important such attributes. All measures employed a 7-point Likert-type scale.<\/p>\n

Table 1<\/p>\n

Items Measuring Latent Constructs Derived from Theory of Planned Behavior<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Construct<\/th>\nItems<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Perceived norm<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  1. Those who are important to me would consider my watching Wang\u2019s game to be wise.<\/li>\n
  2. Those who are important to me would consider my watching Wang\u2019s game to be useful.<\/li>\n
  3. Those who are important to me would consider my watching Wang\u2019s game to be valuable.<\/li>\n
  4. Those who are important to me would think I definitely should watch Wang\u2019s game.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Belief<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  1. To me, Wang\u2019s game is exciting.<\/li>\n
  2. To me, Wang\u2019s game is national pride.<\/li>\n
  3. To me, Wang\u2019s game is a tension game.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Perceived behavioral control<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  1. I have full control regarding watching Wang\u2019s game.<\/li>\n
  2. To me, to watch Wang\u2019s game is what I can decide on my own.<\/li>\n
  3. It is up to me whether I will watch Wang\u2019s game.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Attitude toward the act<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  1. My watching Wang\u2019s game in the future would be favorable.<\/li>\n
  2. My watching Wang\u2019s game in the future would be good.<\/li>\n
  3. My watching Wang\u2019s game in the future would be wise.<\/li>\n
  4. My watching Wang\u2019s game in the future would be useful.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intention to watch Wang\u2019s Game<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  1. I would watch Wang\u2019s game in the future.<\/li>\n
  2. The probability that I would watch Wang\u2019s game is high.<\/li>\n
  3. To me, (continuing to) watch Wang\u2019s game is the best choice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Data Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n

    The efficacy of the proposed model was analyzed using SPSS 14.0 and LISREL 8.51. Using LISREL with the maximum likelihood method, we tested the constructs and the measurement model for goodness of fit. A confirmatory factor analysis of the measurement model was conducted. The measurement model examined the relationships between 18 variables and 5 latent constructs (belief, perceived norm, attitude toward the act, perceived behavioral control, and intention to watch Wang\u2019s game). Then, a path analysis was conducted to test whether identified antecedents of intention to watch a televised game featuring Wang reflected our hypotheses.<\/p>\n

    Results<\/p>\n

    Descriptive Statistics<\/em><\/p>\n

    The summated means for the constructs were 3.77 (perceived norm), 4.86 (belief), 4.97 (perceived behavioral control), 4.12 (attitude toward the act), and 3.81 (intention to watch Wang\u2019s game). The standard deviations ranged from 1.73 to 1.98 (see Table 2).<\/p>\n

    Table 2<\/p>\n

    Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability of Constructs<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Construct<\/th>\nM<\/em><\/th>\nSD<\/em><\/th>\nCronbach’s \u03b1<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Perceived norm<\/td>\n3.77<\/td>\n1.78<\/td>\n.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Belief<\/td>\n4.86<\/td>\n1.73<\/td>\n.89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Perceived behavioral control<\/td>\n4.97<\/td>\n1.97<\/td>\n.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Attitude toward the act<\/td>\n4.12<\/td>\n1.73<\/td>\n.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Intention to watch Wang\u2019s game<\/td>\n3.81<\/td>\n1.98<\/td>\n.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Proposed Measurement Model<\/em><\/p>\n

    Overall model fit.<\/em> The overall fit of the measurement model was found to be good. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value was .072, which is lower than the suggested threshold of .08 (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Additionally, the normed fit index (NFI), non-normed fit index (NNFI), comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), and incremental fit index (IFI) scores were .96, .97, .97, .91, and .97, respectively. All were greater than the suggested threshold of .90 (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2006), and each criterion of fit thus indicated that the proposed measurement model\u2019s fit was acceptable.<\/p>\n

    Scale reliability.<\/em> Cronbach\u2019s alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the constructs. The obtained values were .93 (perceived norm), .89 (belief), .91 (perceived behavioral control), .91 (attitude toward the act), and .91 (intention to watch Wang\u2019s game) (see Table 2). Scale reliabilities for the constructs were acceptable according to the suggested threshold of .70 (Nunnally & Berstein, 1994, p. 265).<\/p>\n

    Construct validity.<\/em> Construct validity refers to \u201cthe extent to which a set of measured items actually reflects the theoretical latent construct those items are designed to measure\u201d (Hair et al., 2006, p. 776). Both convergent validity and discriminant validity should be achieved in order to fulfill construct validity (Hair et al., 2006). Convergent validity exists when \u201cthe items that are indicators of a specific construct . . . converge or share a high proportion variance in common\u201d (p. 776), while discriminant validity indicates whether \u201ca construct is truly distinct from other constructs\u201d (p. 778). Standardized loading estimates above .5 indicate acceptable convergent validity, while evidence of discriminant validity is seen when the variance extracted for two factors is greater than the square of the correlation between the two factors (Hair et al., 2006).<\/p>\n

    In the present study, standardized loading estimates ranged from .80 to .97, indicating satisfactory convergent validity. In addition, the variance extracted for each construct ranged from .82 to .86, which was greater than the square of the correlation between two factors (which ranged from .30 to .79). Thus the study\u2019s construct validity was also ensured.<\/p>\n

    Test of the Structural Model<\/em><\/p>\n

    Path analysis was used to test the fit of the proposed paths between constructs. The model fit of the path model was found satisfactory, with the RMSEA measuring lower (.074) than the suggested threshold of .08. The NFI, NNFI, CFI, GFI, and IFI were .99, .99, .99, .98, and .99, respectively, all greater than the suggested threshold of .90. All of the criteria for adequate fit indicated that the fit of the proposed structural model was satisfactory.<\/p>\n

    Hypothesis Testing<\/em>
    \n\"Figure<\/p>\n

    Figure 1.<\/em> Path-analytic model: Influence on intention demonstrated by perceived norm, perceived behavioral control, and attitude toward act.<\/p>\n

    The results (see Figure 1) showed that perceived norm, attitude toward the act, and perceived behavioral control generated significant coefficients for intention to watch Wang\u2019s game and also that perceived norm and belief generated significant coefficients for attitude toward the act. The path analysis produced the following measures: \u03b2at\u2192iw<\/sub> = .34, t<\/em> = 7.90, p<\/em> < .001; \u03b3pn\u2192iw<\/sub> = .44, t<\/em> = 10.21, p<\/em> < .001; \u03b3pbc\u2192iw<\/sub> = .12, t<\/em> = 4.29, p<\/em> < .001; \u03b3pn\u2192at<\/sub> = .43, t<\/em> = 15.01, p<\/em> < .001; and \u03b3be\u2192at<\/sub> = .52, t<\/em> = 17.93, p<\/em> < .001, where \u03b2at\u2192iw<\/sub> refers to the \u03b2 coefficient between attitude toward the act and intention to watch Wang\u2019s game, \u03b3pn\u2192iw<\/sub> stands for the \u03b3 coefficient between perceived norm and intention to watch Wang\u2019s game, \u03b3pbc\u2192iw<\/sub> means the \u03b3 coefficient between perceived behavioral control and intention to watch Wang\u2019s game, \u03b3pn\u2192at<\/sub> indicates the \u03b3 coefficient between perceived norm and attitude toward the act, and \u03b3be\u2192at<\/sub> refers to the \u03b3coefficient between belief and attitude toward the act.<\/p>\n

    Additionally, the square multiple correlations were .68 and .80, respectively, for intention to watch Wang\u2019s game and for attitude toward the act. The data analysis showed support for each of the study\u2019s hypotheses. That is, belief positively affected attitude toward the act (H1); attitude toward the act positively influenced intention to watch Wang\u2019s game (H2); perceived norm positively influenced intention to watch Wang\u2019s game (H3); perceived behavioral control positively affected intention to watch Wang\u2019s game (H4); and perceived norm positively influenced attitude toward the act (H5).<\/p>\n

    Discussion<\/p>\n

    Our study showed a goodness of fit for the proposed model that was satisfactory based on the various suggested criteria. All five hypotheses offered for the present study were supported by the data. A brief discussion of each path coefficient follows.<\/p>\n

    First, belief about the attributes of televised games featuring Wang\u2019s pitching was a positive antecedent of attitude toward the act of watching. Beliefs about game attributes were described in items such as \u201cWang\u2019s game is exciting,\u201d \u201cWang\u2019s game is national pride,\u201d and \u201cWang\u2019s game is a tension game.\u201d As an antecedent of attitude toward act, a relatively strong belief that Wang\u2019s performance was a source of national pride or that Wang\u2019s games were exciting was an indicator of a relatively positive attitude toward watching a televised game featuring Wang.<\/p>\n

    Second, a participant\u2019s attitude toward the act of viewing a televised game in which Wang will pitch positively influenced his or her intention to watch Wang\u2019s game. This result illustrates that behavior is strongly affected by attitude (Blackwell, Miniard, & Engel, 2006). It follows that the more favorable the attitude toward the act of viewing Wang\u2019s game, the stronger the intention to view it.<\/p>\n

    Third, perceived norm positively influenced the intention to watch Wang\u2019s game. This relationship implies that peer pressure has an influence on whether adolescents watch a televised game. Such a finding is supported by the concept of the collectivistic society (Hofstede, 1983). People in a collectivistic society usually belong to a few in-groups (Hofstede, 1983). Securing a place in a group is important to adolescents (Chiou et al., 2005), but to be accepted by an in-group\u2019s members (and to remain accepted by them), a would-be member must demonstrate his or her conformity to the in-group\u2019s norms. Thus if an adolescent\u2019s friends enthusiastically follow Wang\u2019s game, it becomes necessary for the adolescent to follow Wang\u2019s game as well, providing all in the group with common conversational themes, for instance. The idea applies similarly to the present finding of perceived norm\u2019s positive influence on attitude toward the act.<\/p>\n

    Moreover, perceived behavioral control positively affected the adolescents\u2019 intention to watch Wang\u2019s game. This is an indication that perceived behavioral control is a positive antecedent of intention to watch Wang\u2019s game, which is in line with Ajzen\u2019s argument that the individual can be expected to carry out an intention when he or she has sufficient control over the behavior involved (1985). To sum up, the findings of the present study of Taiwanese adolescents\u2019 behavior concerning the viewing of televised games featuring pitcher Chien-Ming Wang suggest that such behavior is well explained by Ajzen\u2019s theory of planned behavior.<\/p>\n

    An interesting topic for future study would be adolescents\u2019 adoration of sports celebrities. Specifically, researchers could investigate whether and how adoring a sports celebrity moderates the relationship of the variables included in the present study. They might ask, for example, whether the relationship between perceived norm and intention to watch Wang\u2019s game is relatively strong among a group of adolescents who strongly admire or adore Wang, as compared to a group exhibiting less admiration.<\/p>\n

    References<\/p>\n

    Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp.11\u201339). New York: Springer-Verlag.<\/p>\n

    Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179\u2013211.<\/p>\n

    Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n

    Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2006). Consumer behavior (10th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education.<\/p>\n

    Chiou, J. (2000). Antecedents and moderators of behavioral intention: Differences between the United States and Taiwanese students. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(1), 105\u2013124.<\/p>\n

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    Goby, V. P. (2006). Online purchase in an infocomm sophisticated society. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(4), 423\u2013431.<\/p>\n

    Greene, A. L., & Adams-Price, C. (1990). Adolescents\u2019 secondary attachment to celebrity figures. Sex Roles, 23, 335\u2013347.<\/p>\n

    Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n

    Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 75\u201389.<\/p>\n

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    Hu, W. L., & Tsai, M. H. (2008). The influence of sports-fan ethnocentrism on viewing motivations and behavior of sport broadcast. Physical Education Journal, 41(1), 51\u201368.<\/p>\n

    Lin, Y. C., & Lin, C. H. (2007). Impetus for worship: An exploratory study of adolescents\u2019 idol adoration behaviors. Adolescence, 42, 576\u2013588.<\/p>\n

    Nunnally, J. C., & Berstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n

    Oliver, R. L., & Bearden, W. O. (1985). Crossover effects in the theory of reasoned action: A moderating influence attempt. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 324\u2013340.<\/p>\n

    Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 137\u2013156.<\/p>\n

    Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(8), 776\u2013793.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Submitted by: Chen-Yueh Chen – National Chung Cheng University (Taiwan) and Yi-Hsiu Lin – Aletheia University (Taiwan)<\/div>\n

    Abstract<\/p>\n

    Taiwan\u2019s Chien-Ming Wang pitches for MLB\u2019s Yankees, his performance drawing Taiwanese viewers to telecasts and making him renowned in Taiwan. The theory of planned behavior was employed to investigate why Taiwanese adolescents watch Wang\u2019s televised games. The proposed model was analyzed with LISREL. Path analysis was performed for five hypotheses, namely (a) belief will positively affect attitude toward the act of viewing a game; (b) attitude toward the act will positively influence intention to watch; (c) perceived norm will positively influence intention to watch; (d) perceived behavioral control will positively affect intention to watch; and (e) perceived norm will positively influence attitude toward the act. The adolescents\u2019 behavior was well explained by the theory, the data supporting all hypotheses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[290,296],"tags":[27,128,127],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-5j","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":139,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-individual-offensive-strategies-of-taiwanese-collegiate-students-in-basketball\/","url_meta":{"origin":329,"position":0},"title":"The Individual Offensive Strategies of Taiwanese Collegiate Students in Basketball","date":"February 18, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Chia-Ming Chang, Cheng-feng Chiu And Steve Chen Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferential individual offensive strategies of male Taiwanese collegiate students. 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Through experiential marketing, the industry can enhance its contact and communication with potential customers by participating in exhibitions,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Screen Shot 2014-01-31 at 8.52.55 AM","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/Screen-Shot-2014-01-31-at-8.52.55-AM.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3704,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/effect-of-sns-on-purchasing-intention-for-sport-product\/","url_meta":{"origin":329,"position":4},"title":"Effect of SNS on Purchasing Intention for Sport Product","date":"April 22, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Seok Pyo Hong*(1) & Yong-Chae Rhee(2) (1) Seok Pyo Hong is a full-time professor at the Kangwon National University, Korea and concentrating on sport consumer behaviors for his research. (2) Washington State University *Corresponding Author: Seok Pyo Hong, Ph.D Gangwon Daihak-gil 1 Division of Sport Science, Kangwon National University\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Management"","img":{"alt_text":"Figure 1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Hong-Figure1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":208,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/outdoor-recreation-participation-an-application-of-the-theory-of-planned-behavior\/","url_meta":{"origin":329,"position":5},"title":"Outdoor Recreation Participation: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior","date":"June 7, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: CH. Kouthouris & A. Spontis Summary Behavioral factors were investigated in a real outdoor setting, in order to explain one's intention and actual behavior of participating in outdoor recreational programs. This paper used an extended model of the Theory of Planned Behavior, with the addition of the self-identity\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/329"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=329"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4489,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/329\/revisions\/4489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}