{"id":312,"date":"2008-07-07T16:09:54","date_gmt":"2008-07-07T21:09:54","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2017-08-07T11:42:34","modified_gmt":"2017-08-07T16:42:34","slug":"factors-affecting-attendance-at-bowl-games-during-the-bcs-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/factors-affecting-attendance-at-bowl-games-during-the-bcs-era\/","title":{"rendered":"Factors Affecting Attendance at Bowl Games During the BCS Era"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Kelly E. Flanagan, M.S.S., D.S.M. – United States Sports Academy<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n

Six independent variables combined in a formula that explains 82.2 percent of the variance in attendance (r2<\/sup> = .822) in all 271 college football bowl games that have been played in the past 10 years. This is despite the fact that during a recent explosion in new bowl games and the creation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), attendance to these traditional post-season football exhibitions has varied from 5,494 for the 2004 Silicon Valley Football Classic to 94,392 for the 2001 Rose Bowl. These six variables, out of 11 that were tested, each showed a relationship to attendance that was statistically significant at the 0.01 alpha level (p > 0.01). They include the seating capacity of the stadium (Stadium), the average home game attendance of the participating teams (AHAtt), the age of each bowl game (Age), the winning percentages of the participating teams (Wpct.), the travel distance between the representative institutions and the sites of the bowl games (Distance) and the number of days that elapsed between the participating teams\u2019 final regular season or conference championship game and the bowl game itself (Notice). When the researcher studied only the bowls that were at least six years of age (n = 194), where the attendance track record of the individual bowls could be used as an independent variable, a formula of five independent variables that explain 91 percent of the variance (r2<\/sup>d = .910) was developed. All five variables had a relationship with attendance that was statistically significant at the 0.01 alpha level (p > 0.01). The formula included the attendance average of each bowl game over the previous five years (FiveAtt), Stadium, Distance, Wpct and AHAtt.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

It would be difficult to find a decade in the 106-year history of college football bowl games in which more dramatic changes have occurred in the major college football postseason. The number of bowl games has increased more than 50 percent from 22 in 1998 to 34 in 2008. The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) has dramatically increased revenues for the elite-level bowl games, and payouts for their participants. The growth of conference championship games and other games being played on the first Saturday in December has decreased the amount of notice academic institutions and fans have in finding out which bowl games their teams will be participating.<\/p>\n

Attendance has also taken on an added importance because the growth in number of non-BCS bowl games has created a \u201cclutter\u201d of bowl games on television, creating a potential for a saturated market.<\/p>\n

While the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) does not have an official national championship event for its Division One Football Bowl Subdivision (D1-FBS), the fact that there has been only one bowl game a year that has had an effect on the national championship (in eight out of the past 10 years) makes new marketing approaches all the more necessary for even more bowl games. Bowls such as the Cotton Bowl, which helped determine the national champion in 1978 and hosted the No. 2-ranked team in 1984; the Holiday Bowl, which hosted the No. 1-ranked team in 1984; and the Citrus Bowl (now the Capital One Bowl), which hosted the United Press International\u2019s (UPI) recognized national champion in 1991; were left out of the BCS when it formed in 1998.<\/p>\n

The surge in bowl certification has also led to an increasing number of non-traditional bowl teams participating in bowl games. These teams have little or no track record of bowl attendance and fans that are not accustomed to making postseason bowl travel plans. In some cases, football programs that either did not even exist or play at the NCAA Division 1-A level 10 years before the BCS started have participated in non-BCS bowl games during the BCS era.<\/p>\n

These facts all indicate a need to research bowl attendance data. The increase in the number of bowls means that 271 such games have been played during the BCS era, enough to create a valid sample for research purposes.<\/p>\n

Review of Literature<\/h2>\n

Many studies have been conducted regarding spectator attitudes and preferences in sporting events, although most have been based on survey data as opposed to fan behavior. A need to study spectator attitudes and preferences based on behavior instead of surveys arises not only from the practicality of obtaining this data (the NCAA lists attendance figures for all bowl games in a record book stored in a PDF file on its website) but also because a ticket to a sporting event differs from other products and the decision to attend an athletic event or support its participants differs from other types of consumer decisions. These decisions are emotionally-based (Hardy et al, 2003), so depending on the rational mind in a survey and the limited number of responses that can be obtained through survey data creates some disadvantages compared to data based on spectator behavior.<\/p>\n

Definition of Terms<\/h2>\n
\n
Bowl Championship Series (BCS)<\/dt>\n
A partnership involving the Rose Bowl, FedEx Orange Bowl, Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, Allstate Sugar Bowl, Notre Dame and six collegiate athletic conferences (ACC, Big East, Big Ten, Big 12, PAC 10 and Southeastern) to produce an unofficial national championship game for D1-FBS college football and provide the best possible matchups in four major bowl games.<\/dd>\n
Bowl Games<\/dt>\n
Special exhibition, All-Star or championship games played at the end of the regular football season. For the purpose of this study, the term will be used in reference to games played after the regular season by D1-FBS teams. As of the end of the 2007 season, there are 32 such games played each year.<\/dd>\n
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)<\/dt>\n
The largest governing body of intercollegiate athletics in the United States.<\/dd>\n
NCAA Division One<\/dt>\n
The most competitive level of athletics in the NCAA, with a varying number of schools that usually exceeds 300.<\/dd>\n
NCAA Division One Football Bowl Subdivision (D1-FBS)<\/dt>\n
A body of Division One college football teams that play a season culminating in bowl games for 64 of its members. The membership number varies, but usually exceeds 100.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Methodology<\/h2>\n

Using bowl game attendance as the dependent variable, the researcher analyzed 11 independent variables that theoretically would have an effect on the number of people who attended a bowl game. For the second formula, the researcher analyzed the same 11 independent variables plus one additional independent variable. The researcher used stepwise linear regression analysis as a research method and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 as the instrument.<\/p>\n

Selection of Subjects<\/h3>\n

The researcher collected data from all 271 bowls that took place during the BCS era, from December of 1998 to January of 2008. For the second formula, the researcher used data from only those bowl games that were at least six years old at the time they were played (n = 199).<\/p>\n

Variables<\/h3>\n

Dependent<\/h4>\n

Attendance: The number of spectators who attended each individual bowl game, as reported in the NCAA Football Record Book (NCAA.com, see Table 1).<\/p>\n

Table 1
\nBowl Attendance<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nAttendance<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n60780<\/td>\n65380<\/td>\n60028<\/td>\n65232<\/td>\n50690<\/td>\n56226<\/td>\n65265<\/td>\n62000<\/td>\n65875<\/td>\n66166<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n46451<\/td>\n40974<\/td>\n24397<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n38028<\/td>\n27902<\/td>\n33505<\/td>\n32412<\/td>\n40975<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n74628<\/td>\n79651<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n63584<\/td>\n62011<\/td>\n66928<\/td>\n59693<\/td>\n66334<\/td>\n64565<\/td>\n70229<\/td>\n57221<\/td>\n60774<\/td>\n69748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n28562<\/td>\n21689<\/td>\n26482<\/td>\n28237<\/td>\n31470<\/td>\n40168<\/td>\n46554<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n72876<\/td>\n73315<\/td>\n73614<\/td>\n71827<\/td>\n68330<\/td>\n75125<\/td>\n69332<\/td>\n65620<\/td>\n75406<\/td>\n74413<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n72611<\/td>\n72723<\/td>\n63465<\/td>\n72955<\/td>\n70817<\/td>\n73928<\/td>\n75704<\/td>\n74222<\/td>\n66777<\/td>\n73114<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n25966<\/td>\n25621<\/td>\n30653<\/td>\n25742<\/td>\n40331<\/td>\n32517<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n80470<\/td>\n71526<\/td>\n75428<\/td>\n74118<\/td>\n77502<\/td>\n73425<\/td>\n73519<\/td>\n76196<\/td>\n73719<\/td>\n70016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n70791<\/td>\n43416<\/td>\n68741<\/td>\n72202<\/td>\n73491<\/td>\n78892<\/td>\n70112<\/td>\n63780<\/td>\n67704<\/td>\n60243<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n34200<\/td>\n40300<\/td>\n40139<\/td>\n40646<\/td>\n40620<\/td>\n40160<\/td>\n35422<\/td>\n38751<\/td>\n36932<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n31535<\/td>\n29005<\/td>\n39662<\/td>\n26254<\/td>\n43435<\/td>\n30467<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n65354<\/td>\n57118<\/td>\n63278<\/td>\n60548<\/td>\n58717<\/td>\n61102<\/td>\n66222<\/td>\n65416<\/td>\n62395<\/td>\n64020<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n33899<\/td>\n53480<\/td>\n44687<\/td>\n51068<\/td>\n27235<\/td>\n37286<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n19664<\/td>\n29283<\/td>\n26203<\/td>\n23472<\/td>\n30446<\/td>\n23118<\/td>\n28516<\/td>\n30493<\/td>\n28652<\/td>\n27062<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n46862<\/td>\n49873<\/td>\n36974<\/td>\n45627<\/td>\n46096<\/td>\n49625<\/td>\n43000<\/td>\n41332<\/td>\n45054<\/td>\n47043<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n36147<\/td>\n35762<\/td>\n41813<\/td>\n40028<\/td>\n40533<\/td>\n42364<\/td>\n45917<\/td>\n43536<\/td>\n48391<\/td>\n48892<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n26717<\/td>\n31455<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n21429<\/td>\n28227<\/td>\n29113<\/td>\n30894<\/td>\n30324<\/td>\n25437<\/td>\n29062<\/td>\n40053<\/td>\n44615<\/td>\n40712<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n52192<\/td>\n54866<\/td>\n58302<\/td>\n58968<\/td>\n55207<\/td>\n55989<\/td>\n58355<\/td>\n54894<\/td>\n56103<\/td>\n63816<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n73535<\/td>\n51236<\/td>\n73238<\/td>\n57937<\/td>\n52303<\/td>\n53126<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n44387<\/td>\n31089<\/td>\n28359<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n32206<\/td>\n44863<\/td>\n52911<\/td>\n44164<\/td>\n51872<\/td>\n51826<\/td>\n52552<\/td>\n50616<\/td>\n54113<\/td>\n60624<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n41248<\/td>\n59221<\/td>\n47119<\/td>\n46125<\/td>\n39183<\/td>\n55109<\/td>\n66089<\/td>\n40519<\/td>\n68024<\/td>\n68681<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n34111<\/td>\n30467<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n27004<\/td>\n19024<\/td>\n25184<\/td>\n27253<\/td>\n18338<\/td>\n24791<\/td>\n25146<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n46451<\/td>\n40974<\/td>\n24187<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n67919<\/td>\n70461<\/td>\n76835<\/td>\n73640<\/td>\n75971<\/td>\n76739<\/td>\n77912<\/td>\n77773<\/td>\n74470<\/td>\n74111<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n66005<\/td>\n54059<\/td>\n65229<\/td>\n66249<\/td>\n65101<\/td>\n65372<\/td>\n62414<\/td>\n65881<\/td>\n65601<\/td>\n65601<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n32023<\/td>\n35258<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n36842<\/td>\n29709<\/td>\n39129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n93872<\/td>\n93731<\/td>\n94392<\/td>\n93781<\/td>\n86848<\/td>\n93849<\/td>\n93468<\/td>\n93986<\/td>\n93852<\/td>\n93923<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n30144<\/td>\n38241<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n26542<\/td>\n30456<\/td>\n10132<\/td>\n20126<\/td>\n5494<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n76503<\/td>\n79280<\/td>\n64407<\/td>\n77688<\/td>\n74269<\/td>\n79342<\/td>\n77349<\/td>\n74458<\/td>\n77781<\/td>\n74383<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n46612<\/td>\n48757<\/td>\n49093<\/td>\n47812<\/td>\n48917<\/td>\n49894<\/td>\n51288<\/td>\n50426<\/td>\n48732<\/td>\n49867<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n52210<\/td>\n62097<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Source: NCAA<\/em>
\nN\/A (not applicable) means the bowl game did not exist during the indicated season.<\/em><\/p>\n

Independent<\/h4>\n

For the whole group (n = 271)<\/em><\/p>\n

Age of the bowl (Age): The number of times the bowl game has been played, including the year in question (Table 2). In 2006, the BCS stopped rotating its four bowls as being designated championship games and instead added a fifth bowl, the BCS Championship, on Jan. 8 each year to be hosted by one of the four BCS bowl committees. Two such games have been played during the period of this study, but the age of the BCS title game (1 and 2) would not be reflected in attendance. So in these particular games, the age of the host committee\u2019s bowl game is also used as the age of the BCS Championship game. For example, the 2007 BCS title game was the first one of its kind, but since it was hosted by the Fiesta Bowl Committee, it is listed in this study as being the same age as the Fiesta Bowl (35).<\/p>\n

Table 2
\nAge of the Bowls<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Current Bowls<\/th>\nAge (in 2007-’08)<\/th>\nDiscontinued Bowls<\/th>\nFinal Year<\/th>\nAge (in final year)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Rose<\/td>\n106<\/td>\nAloha<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n73<\/td>\nHouston<\/td>\n2005-’06<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n73<\/td>\nMicron PC.com<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n71<\/td>\nSilicon Valley<\/td>\n2004-’05<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n71<\/td>\nOahu<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n61<\/td>\nSeattle<\/td>\n2002-’03<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indy<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vegas<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Human<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New O<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke Car Care<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS Championship*<\/td>\n2 (35 and 73 in the study)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*For the purpose of this study, the age of each BCS Championship game will be recorded as the same age as the BCS bowl hosting the event.<\/em><\/p>\n

Average Home Attendance (AHAtt): The average number of spectators that attended the regular-season home games of the participating teams. The average home attendance for each team is averaged together for this variable (Table 3).<\/p>\n

Table 3
\nAverage Home Attendance<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nAverage Home Attendance (averaged between two participating teams)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n47643.0<\/td>\n84813.0<\/td>\n55688.0<\/td>\n55383.0<\/td>\n63621.0<\/td>\n75292.0<\/td>\n75840.5<\/td>\n94200.0<\/td>\n79545.0<\/td>\n95562.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n45336.0<\/td>\n38311.5<\/td>\n44969.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n32126.5<\/td>\n23594.0<\/td>\n29364.5<\/td>\n32321.5<\/td>\n63136.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n97752.5<\/td>\n98864.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n81782.5<\/td>\n61890.5<\/td>\n96364.0<\/td>\n108375.5<\/td>\n95091.0<\/td>\n75327.5<\/td>\n80803.0<\/td>\n83356.0<\/td>\n77631.5<\/td>\n100326.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n49084.5<\/td>\n60325.5<\/td>\n46012.0<\/td>\n41942.5<\/td>\n64320.5<\/td>\n52425.0<\/td>\n56265.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n64689.0<\/td>\n58061.5<\/td>\n65243.0<\/td>\n69016.0<\/td>\n76478.0<\/td>\n90558.5<\/td>\n73771.5<\/td>\n68445.0<\/td>\n79489.5<\/td>\n82717.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n57412.5<\/td>\n67272.5<\/td>\n78927.5<\/td>\n68044.5<\/td>\n84680.0<\/td>\n50690.5<\/td>\n90571.0<\/td>\n65995.0<\/td>\n85053.5<\/td>\n64969.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n51317.5<\/td>\n36617.5<\/td>\n34149.5<\/td>\n46571.5<\/td>\n72743.5<\/td>\n46318.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n93702.0<\/td>\n92284.0<\/td>\n56975.5<\/td>\n46700.5<\/td>\n86513.5<\/td>\n75990.0<\/td>\n42856.0<\/td>\n92906.0<\/td>\n57507.0<\/td>\n72629.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n60641.5<\/td>\n42517.0<\/td>\n65618.5<\/td>\n66101.5<\/td>\n65147.5<\/td>\n51720.5<\/td>\n69693.0<\/td>\n53058.0<\/td>\n54695.0<\/td>\n55867.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n34163.0<\/td>\n30571.5<\/td>\n31976.5<\/td>\n32131.0<\/td>\n32589.5<\/td>\n29299.0<\/td>\n34858.0<\/td>\n22859.0<\/td>\n20309.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n35655.5<\/td>\n31299.0<\/td>\n28703.5<\/td>\n21769.0<\/td>\n45575.5<\/td>\n35937.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n62051.0<\/td>\n59820.5<\/td>\n63654.5<\/td>\n77765.5<\/td>\n47513.0<\/td>\n58335.0<\/td>\n58421.0<\/td>\n71382.5<\/td>\n70151.5<\/td>\n74009.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n39252.5<\/td>\n55841.5<\/td>\n35099.5<\/td>\n39772.0<\/td>\n44552.0<\/td>\n38979.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n18925.0<\/td>\n30684.5<\/td>\n35604.0<\/td>\n50292.5<\/td>\n35955.0<\/td>\n37497.0<\/td>\n50635.5<\/td>\n34770.5<\/td>\n29318.0<\/td>\n43285.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n44674.0<\/td>\n60746.5<\/td>\n60268.5<\/td>\n63742.0<\/td>\n67509.5<\/td>\n57652.5<\/td>\n28630.0<\/td>\n66615.5<\/td>\n66636.0<\/td>\n71413.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n55735.5<\/td>\n46736.0<\/td>\n41444.0<\/td>\n44840.0<\/td>\n40431.5<\/td>\n50168.0<\/td>\n58564.5<\/td>\n47170.5<\/td>\n51540.5<\/td>\n38514.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n19499.0<\/td>\n28374.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n15165.8<\/td>\n16350.0<\/td>\n18483.0<\/td>\n22080.2<\/td>\n26235.4<\/td>\n27997.4<\/td>\n28799.0<\/td>\n28966.0<\/td>\n31154.0<\/td>\n33898.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n45323.0<\/td>\n26705.5<\/td>\n33633.0<\/td>\n50013.5<\/td>\n29137.0<\/td>\n31889.5<\/td>\n35515.0<\/td>\n31066.5<\/td>\n48770.0<\/td>\n46657.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n54330.5<\/td>\n59810.5<\/td>\n47824.0<\/td>\n45895.0<\/td>\n33275.0<\/td>\n35400.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n51571.5<\/td>\n45804.0<\/td>\n47050.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n32233.5<\/td>\n46929.5<\/td>\n24725.0<\/td>\n26924.0<\/td>\n31865.9<\/td>\n24823.5<\/td>\n31664.5<\/td>\n25442.0<\/td>\n21800.0<\/td>\n39048.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n60857.5<\/td>\n57248.5<\/td>\n50019.5<\/td>\n64580.0<\/td>\n51268.5<\/td>\n81844.5<\/td>\n64721.5<\/td>\n54909.0<\/td>\n70161.0<\/td>\n73645.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n23743.5<\/td>\n23380.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n21434.5<\/td>\n21665.5<\/td>\n28681.0<\/td>\n22074.0<\/td>\n23121.5<\/td>\n17785.0<\/td>\n22705.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n58505.0<\/td>\n35576.0<\/td>\n70379.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n66644.0<\/td>\n97115.5<\/td>\n77953.0<\/td>\n64498.5<\/td>\n64300.0<\/td>\n70642.0<\/td>\n84880.5<\/td>\n93791.5<\/td>\n36998.5<\/td>\n56508.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n77134.5<\/td>\n74794.0<\/td>\n89830.5<\/td>\n93073.0<\/td>\n97880.5<\/td>\n77987.5<\/td>\n87557.0<\/td>\n80495.5<\/td>\n106678.0<\/td>\n92832.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n33695.0<\/td>\n28483.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n31180.0<\/td>\n26348.5<\/td>\n38605.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n75568.5<\/td>\n63909.5<\/td>\n67897.0<\/td>\n62468.5<\/td>\n56617.5<\/td>\n94361.0<\/td>\n97059.5<\/td>\n87072.5<\/td>\n100753.0<\/td>\n71174.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n46609.5<\/td>\n39716.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n41500.5<\/td>\n58259.0<\/td>\n41144.7<\/td>\n47619.5<\/td>\n24140.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n75897.5<\/td>\n65622.0<\/td>\n71841.5<\/td>\n71843.5<\/td>\n84143.0<\/td>\n87088.0<\/td>\n74100.0<\/td>\n74494.0<\/td>\n86503.5<\/td>\n68130.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n44040.0<\/td>\n44689.0<\/td>\n72995.5<\/td>\n44611.5<\/td>\n63932.5<\/td>\n50924.5<\/td>\n63095.0<\/td>\n48372.5<\/td>\n48374.0<\/td>\n56007.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n43903.0<\/td>\n25486.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n

Attendance Per Mile (APM): The Average Home Attendance of each team, divided by the number of miles between the bowl\u2019s host city and the city where each academic institution is located, averaged together. An example is in Figure A.<\/p>\n

2007 Insight Bowl: Oklahoma State vs. Indiana<\/p>\n

Distance from Stillwater, Okla. (home of Oklahoma State University.) to Phoenix, Ariz. (site of the bowl) = 1085.64 miles<\/p>\n

Oklahoma State\u2019s Average Home Attendance = 40,024<\/p>\n

Oklahoma State\u2019s APM = 40,024\/1085.65 = 36.87<\/p>\n

Distance from Bloomington, Ind. (home of Indiana University) to Phoenix = 1,747 miles<\/p>\n

Indiana\u2019s Average Home Attendance = 37,004<\/p>\n

Indiana\u2019s APM = 21.18<\/p>\n

2007 Insight Bowl\u2019s APM = (36.87+21.18)\/2 = 29.03<\/p>\n

Figure A.<\/em> Example of Attendance Per Mile (APM) Variable.<\/p>\n

BCS Status (BCS): The variable that separates BCS bowls from non-BCS bowls, under the hypothesis that a BCS bowl will normally draw higher attendance. The value of \u201c1\u201d is assigned to BCS bowls while \u201c0\u201d is assigned to non-BCS bowls.<\/p>\n

Championship Status (CStatus) \u2014 The status of a game as it pertains to the unofficial national championship of D1-FBS football. For this study, the BCS-designated national championship game is given a value of \u201c1\u201d and all other bowl games a value of \u201c0\u201d (Table 4).<\/p>\n

Table 4
\nBCS Bowls<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nYear<\/th>\nWinning Team in Bold<\/strong>, Championship Games in Italics<\/em><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
BCS<\/em><\/td>\n2006-’07<\/em><\/td>\nFlorida<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nOhio State<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/em><\/td>\n2007-’08<\/em><\/td>\nLSU<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nOhio State<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/em><\/td>\n1998-’99<\/em><\/td>\nTennessee<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n1999-’00<\/td>\nNebraska<\/strong><\/td>\nTennessee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\nOregon State<\/strong><\/td>\nNotre Dame<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2001-’02<\/td>\nOregon<\/strong><\/td>\nColorado<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/em><\/td>\n2002-’03<\/em><\/td>\nOhio State<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nMiami<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2003-’04<\/td>\nOhio State<\/strong><\/td>\nKansas State<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2004-’05<\/td>\nUtah<\/strong><\/td>\nPittsburgh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2005-’06<\/td>\nOhio State<\/strong><\/td>\nNotre Dame<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2006-’07<\/td>\nBoise State<\/strong><\/td>\nOklahoma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2007-’08<\/td>\nOklahoma<\/strong><\/td>\nWest Virginia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n1998-’99<\/td>\nFlorida<\/strong><\/td>\nSyracuse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n1999-’00<\/td>\nMichigan<\/strong><\/td>\nAlabama<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/em><\/td>\n2000-’01<\/em><\/td>\nOklahoma<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2001-’02<\/td>\nFlorida<\/strong><\/td>\nMaryland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2002-’03<\/td>\nUSC<\/strong><\/td>\nIowa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2003-’04<\/td>\nMiami<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/em><\/td>\n2004-’05<\/em><\/td>\nUSC<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nOklahoma<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2005-’06<\/td>\nPenn State<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2006-’07<\/td>\nLouisville<\/strong><\/td>\nWake Forest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n2007-’08<\/td>\nVirginia Tech<\/strong><\/td>\nKansas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n1998-’99<\/td>\nWisconsin<\/strong><\/td>\nUCLA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n1999-’00<\/td>\nWisconsin<\/strong><\/td>\nStanford<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\nWashington<\/strong><\/td>\nPurdue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/em><\/td>\n2001-’02<\/em><\/td>\nMiami<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nNebraska<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2002-’03<\/td>\nOklahoma<\/strong><\/td>\nWashington State<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2003-’04<\/td>\nUSC<\/strong><\/td>\nMichigan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2004-’05<\/td>\nTexas<\/strong><\/td>\nMichigan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/em><\/td>\n2005-’06<\/em><\/td>\nTexas<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nUSC<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2006-’07<\/td>\nUSC<\/strong><\/td>\nMichigan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n2007-’08<\/td>\nUSC<\/strong><\/td>\nIllinois<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n1998-’99<\/td>\nOhio State<\/strong><\/td>\nTexas A&M<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/em><\/td>\n1999-’00<\/em><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nVirginia Tech<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2000-’01<\/td>\nMiami<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorida<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2001-’02<\/td>\nLSU<\/strong><\/td>\nIllinois<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2002-’03<\/td>\nGeorgia<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorida State<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/em><\/td>\n2003-’04<\/em><\/td>\nLSU<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\nOklahoma<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2004-’05<\/td>\nAuburn<\/strong><\/td>\nVirginia Tech<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2005-’06<\/td>\nWest Virginia<\/strong><\/td>\nGeorgia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2006-’07<\/td>\nLSU<\/strong><\/td>\nNotre Dame<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2007-’08<\/td>\nGeorgia<\/strong><\/td>\nHawaii<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Distance (Distance): The number of miles between the bowl\u2019s host city and the city where each participating team is located (Table 5). The travel distance of each team is averaged out for this variable. The distances were found through the internet using Mapquest.com for mainland bowls and Ask.com for the Aloha, O\u2019ahu and Hawaii bowls.<\/p>\n

Table 5
\nDistance<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nMean of Two Teams\u2019 Travel Distances in Miles<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n982.46<\/td>\n912.34<\/td>\n1,081.26<\/td>\n765.05<\/td>\n1,147.07<\/td>\n1,167.58<\/td>\n921.44<\/td>\n1,177.24<\/td>\n600.90<\/td>\n912.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n2,930.00<\/td>\n3,807.00<\/td>\n4,000.50<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n849.07<\/td>\n1,003.34<\/td>\n388.53<\/td>\n774.47<\/td>\n1,205.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS Title Game<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1,982.42<\/td>\n495.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n1,117.34<\/td>\n631.92<\/td>\n823.29<\/td>\n901.23<\/td>\n732.99<\/td>\n746.85<\/td>\n975.12<\/td>\n863.40<\/td>\n1,196.24<\/td>\n631.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n783.90<\/td>\n985.59<\/td>\n937.58<\/td>\n828.90<\/td>\n1,198.63<\/td>\n952.28<\/td>\n1,264.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n292.31<\/td>\n205.01<\/td>\n263.38<\/td>\n244.75<\/td>\n433.94<\/td>\n169.08<\/td>\n501.81<\/td>\n596.95<\/td>\n243.41<\/td>\n116.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n375.48<\/td>\n264.93<\/td>\n669.21<\/td>\n261.56<\/td>\n319.94<\/td>\n401.79<\/td>\n513.02<\/td>\n466.01<\/td>\n671.07<\/td>\n468.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n2,020.38<\/td>\n2,157.90<\/td>\n1,964.73<\/td>\n1,609.41<\/td>\n1,510.00<\/td>\n1,694.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n1,880.06<\/td>\n1,646.11<\/td>\n1,582.88<\/td>\n1,240.15<\/td>\n2,151.54<\/td>\n1,556.28<\/td>\n1,648.40<\/td>\n1,910.65<\/td>\n1,022.55<\/td>\n1,590.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n683.30<\/td>\n351.37<\/td>\n489.32<\/td>\n359.76<\/td>\n736.91<\/td>\n741.77<\/td>\n461.25<\/td>\n661.00<\/td>\n552.40<\/td>\n1,005.90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n717.02<\/td>\n362.91<\/td>\n794.15<\/td>\n700.53<\/td>\n689.82<\/td>\n649.35<\/td>\n1,068.07<\/td>\n489.05<\/td>\n811.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n2,105.00<\/td>\n1,949.00<\/td>\n2,181.00<\/td>\n3,654.50<\/td>\n1,459.00<\/td>\n3,848.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n989.72<\/td>\n1,415.66<\/td>\n1,141.56<\/td>\n1,280.59<\/td>\n970.32<\/td>\n1,257.22<\/td>\n769.09<\/td>\n1,175.80<\/td>\n952.31<\/td>\n835.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n923.12<\/td>\n179.86<\/td>\n470.37<\/td>\n1,011.63<\/td>\n943.21<\/td>\n626.77<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n1,232.12<\/td>\n940.64<\/td>\n612.92<\/td>\n2,106.12<\/td>\n698.79<\/td>\n1,845.16<\/td>\n1,547.59<\/td>\n1,331.75<\/td>\n1,633.05<\/td>\n1,448.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n460.90<\/td>\n381.80<\/td>\n309.81<\/td>\n584.59<\/td>\n564.92<\/td>\n445.68<\/td>\n818.13<\/td>\n696.13<\/td>\n414.47<\/td>\n735.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n1,738.43<\/td>\n1,801.57<\/td>\n1,798.01<\/td>\n1,777.19<\/td>\n1,690.28<\/td>\n1,423.95<\/td>\n1,571.16<\/td>\n1,225.81<\/td>\n1,226.59<\/td>\n1,416.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n439.50<\/td>\n502.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n1,318.14<\/td>\n408.33<\/td>\n668.78<\/td>\n345.28<\/td>\n421.74<\/td>\n766.57<\/td>\n527.43<\/td>\n472.05<\/td>\n647.41<\/td>\n323.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n1,003.56<\/td>\n723.58<\/td>\n766.93<\/td>\n997.44<\/td>\n817.06<\/td>\n944.98<\/td>\n1,137.04<\/td>\n1,161.31<\/td>\n588.30<\/td>\n471.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n324.03<\/td>\n359.91<\/td>\n504.73<\/td>\n377.72<\/td>\n651.57<\/td>\n437.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Micron PC.com<\/td>\n406.00<\/td>\n1,151.93<\/td>\n1,293.62<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n349.84<\/td>\n1,010.91<\/td>\n297.73<\/td>\n157.79<\/td>\n385.69<\/td>\n191.29<\/td>\n368.26<\/td>\n466.09<\/td>\n359.43<\/td>\n246.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n331.14<\/td>\n531.73<\/td>\n416.63<\/td>\n709.39<\/td>\n706.60<\/td>\n462.30<\/td>\n565.14<\/td>\n714.33<\/td>\n287.00<\/td>\n353.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n524.47<\/td>\n511.44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1,026.25<\/td>\n684.29<\/td>\n477.72<\/td>\n334.72<\/td>\n287.86<\/td>\n330.37<\/td>\n609.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n3,012.50<\/td>\n1,270.50<\/td>\n4,658.50<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n883.07<\/td>\n1,086.26<\/td>\n991.30<\/td>\n707.28<\/td>\n2,106.81<\/td>\n240.85<\/td>\n2,119.11<\/td>\n868.32<\/td>\n948.15<\/td>\n1,205.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n971.59<\/td>\n764.38<\/td>\n756.62<\/td>\n756.62<\/td>\n649.45<\/td>\n701.57<\/td>\n899.16<\/td>\n701.57<\/td>\n887.37<\/td>\n997.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n587.35<\/td>\n352.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1,924.81<\/td>\n1,675.89<\/td>\n1,730.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n990.34<\/td>\n1,163.52<\/td>\n1,617.19<\/td>\n2,117.25<\/td>\n1,231.63<\/td>\n1,122.54<\/td>\n1,806.68<\/td>\n695.08<\/td>\n1,122.54<\/td>\n1,004.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1,757.49<\/td>\n1,574.78<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n759.95<\/td>\n1,260.29<\/td>\n1,296.04<\/td>\n245.97<\/td>\n2,267.72<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n676.85<\/td>\n610.31<\/td>\n701.90<\/td>\n438.10<\/td>\n463.21<\/td>\n395.50<\/td>\n599.06<\/td>\n344.90<\/td>\n535.07<\/td>\n2,375.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n706.00<\/td>\n1,521.90<\/td>\n1,117.54<\/td>\n1,509.80<\/td>\n1,598.51<\/td>\n1,521.90<\/td>\n949.15<\/td>\n1,151.98<\/td>\n1,384.94<\/td>\n1,693.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1,172.12<\/td>\n131.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Source of data: Mapquest.com and ask.com. N\/A ( not applicable) indicates the game was not played in that particular year.<\/em><\/p>\n

Improved Winning Percentage (Impct): The regular season winning percentage (including a conference championship game, when applicable) of each team minus its winning percentage from the previous season (including a bowl game, when applicable). The two scores are averaged for this variable (Figure B). It is designed to measure how a team performed compared to expectation, something that would theoretically affect the enthusiasm of the fans and influence their decision to travel.<\/p>\n

Improved Winning Percentage:<\/p>\n

Regular Season Winning Percentage – Previous year\u2019s total winning percentage<\/p>\n

2007-’08 BCS Championship Game: Ohio State vs. LSU<\/p>\n

Ohio State<\/strong><\/p>\n

2007 Regular Season = 11-1 = .917<\/p>\n

2006-’07 Season = 12-1 = .923<\/p>\n

Improved Winning Percentage = .917-.923 = -.006<\/p>\n

LSU<\/strong><\/p>\n

2007 Regular Season = 11-2 = .846<\/p>\n

2006-’07 Season = 11-2 = .846<\/p>\n

Improved Winning Percentage = .846 – .846 = 0<\/p>\n

2007-’08 BCS Championship Improved Winning Percentage:<\/p>\n

(-.006+0)\/2 = -.003<\/p>\n

Figure B.<\/em> Example of Improved Winning Percentage<\/p>\n

Market Strength (Market): A measurement of the support for college football in a participating team\u2019s area based on the number of D1-FBS institutions are located in the same state as the participating team. For example, a team from Texas would have a market strength rating of 10 because there are 10 D1-FBS teams in the state of Texas (Table 6). A team from Oklahoma would have a market strength rating of three for the same reason. Therefore, a bowl game played between the University of Tulsa and Texas A&M would have a market strength rating of 6.5.<\/p>\n

Table 6
\nMarket Strength<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nMarket Strength (averaged between the two participating teams)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n10.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n8.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n5.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n10.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Sources: U.S. Department of Education N\/A ( not applicable) indicates the game was not played in that particular year.<\/em><\/p>\n

Notice (Notice): The number of days between the date of a team\u2019s last regular season or conference championship game and the date of its bowl game. The notice for the two teams is averaged together for this variable. The theory is that the longer notice fans have, the more likely they are to travel to a bowl game (Table 7).<\/p>\n

Table 7
\nNotice<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nNotice (averaged between the two participating teams)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n35.5<\/td>\n36.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n20.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n44.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n41.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n22.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n24.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n44.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\n40.5<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n40.5<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n40.5<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n35.5<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n41.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n29.0<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n22.5<\/td>\n14.5<\/td>\n17.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n24.5<\/td>\n22.5<\/td>\n23.5<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n25.5<\/td>\n29.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n29.5<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n36.0<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n32.5<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n36.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n29.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n41.0<\/td>\n41.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n43.0<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n24.5<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n21.5<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n21.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n36.0<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n32.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n27.5<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n25.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n22.5<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n27.5<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n35.5<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n44.5<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n24.5<\/td>\n24.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n24.0<\/td>\n17.5<\/td>\n19.0<\/td>\n18.0<\/td>\n24.0<\/td>\n23.5<\/td>\n23.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n27.0<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n29.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n35.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n31.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n44.0<\/td>\n41.5<\/td>\n36.0<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n41.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n28.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n21.0<\/td>\n22.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\n44.0<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n39.0<\/td>\n32.5<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n42.0<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n32.0<\/td>\n28.5<\/td>\n29.0<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n39.5<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n36.5<\/td>\n41.0<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n37.0<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n42.5<\/td>\n38.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n30.5<\/td>\n33.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Source of data: Division 1A Historical Scores, jhowell.net. N\/A ( not applicable) indicates the game was not played in that particular year.<\/em><\/p>\n

November Winning Percentage (Novpct): The winning percentage of a team in games played during November or the first week of December (Table 8).<\/p>\n

Table 8
\nNovember Winning Percentage<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nNovember Winning Percentage (averaged between the two participating teams)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.425<\/td>\n0.375<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.167<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.458<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.733<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.675<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.292<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.533<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.775<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n0.633<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.417<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.775<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.433<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.775<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.375<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.600<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.567<\/td>\n0.650<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.775<\/td>\n0.900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.567<\/td>\n0.550<\/td>\n0.650<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.650<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.417<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n0.375<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.250<\/td>\n0.650<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.125<\/td>\n0.167<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.642<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.575<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.458<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.775<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.550<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.675<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.550<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.417<\/td>\n0.167<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.417<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.467<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.917<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.600<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.900<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.868<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.675<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.417<\/td>\n0.333<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.733<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.917<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.600<\/td>\n0.292<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.700<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.400<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.800<\/td>\n0.900<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.433<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.567<\/td>\n0.425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Stadium Size (Stadium): The seating capacity of the stadium when used for football games (Table 9).<\/p>\n

Table 9
\nStadiums<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\nYears<\/th>\nStadium<\/th>\nCapacity<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n1993-Present<\/td>\nAlamo Dome<\/td>\n65000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n1982-2000<\/td>\nAloha Stadium<\/td>\n50000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\n2003-Present<\/td>\nAmon G. Carter Stadium<\/td>\n43000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\n2006-’07<\/td>\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium<\/td>\n73000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\n2007-’08<\/td>\nLouisiana Superdome<\/td>\n72500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n1986-Present<\/td>\nFlorida Citrus Bowl<\/td>\n65438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\n2002-Present<\/td>\nFlorida Citrus Bowl<\/td>\n65438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n1993-Present<\/td>\nGeorgia Dome<\/td>\n71990<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n1938-Present<\/td>\nCotton Bowl<\/td>\n71252<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\n2002-Present<\/td>\nAT&T Park<\/td>\n38437<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n1971-’06<\/td>\nSun Devil Stadium<\/td>\n73397<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n2007-Present<\/td>\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium<\/td>\n73000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n1997-Present<\/td>\nJacksonville Municipal Stadium<\/td>\n77000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\n1999-Present<\/td>\nLadd-Peebles Stadium<\/td>\n40048<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\n2002-Present<\/td>\nAloha Stadium<\/td>\n50000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n1978-Present<\/td>\nQualcomm Stadium<\/td>\n66000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\n2000-2005<\/td>\nReliant Stadium<\/td>\n69500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n1997-Present<\/td>\nBronco Stadium<\/td>\n30000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n1976-Present<\/td>\nIndependence Stadium<\/td>\n48947<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n1989-’99<\/td>\nArizona Stadium<\/td>\n57803<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n2000-’05<\/td>\nBank One Ballpark<\/td>\n42915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n2006-Present<\/td>\nSun Devil Stadium<\/td>\n73397<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\n2007-Present<\/td>\nRogers Center<\/td>\n53506<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n1992-Present<\/td>\nSam Boyd Stadium<\/td>\n40000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n1965-Present<\/td>\nLiberty Bowl Memorial Stadium<\/td>\n62598<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\n2002-Present<\/td>\nBank of America Stadium<\/td>\n73298<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n1996-2001<\/td>\nJoe Robbie Stadium<\/td>\n77823<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n1997-’01<\/td>\nPontiac Silverdome<\/td>\n80368<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n2002-Present<\/td>\nFord Field<\/td>\n65000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n1998-Present<\/td>\nLP Field<\/td>\n68000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\n2006-Present<\/td>\nUniversity Stadium<\/td>\n38634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\n2001-Present<\/td>\nLouisiana Superdome<\/td>\n72500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n1998-’00<\/td>\nAloha Stadium<\/td>\n50000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n1996-Present<\/td>\nDolphin Stadium<\/td>\n77823<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n1998-Present<\/td>\nRaymond James Stadium<\/td>\n65500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\n2006-Present<\/td>\nLegion Field<\/td>\n72000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\n2005-Present<\/td>\nQualcomm Stadium<\/td>\n66000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n1943-Present<\/td>\nRose Bowl<\/td>\n91887<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\n2001-’02<\/td>\nSeahawks Stadium<\/td>\n67000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\n2000-’04<\/td>\nSpartan Stadium<\/td>\n30000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n1975-’05, 2007-Present<\/td>\nLouisiana Superdome<\/td>\n72500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n2006<\/td>\nGeorgia Dome<\/td>\n71990<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n1963-Present<\/td>\nSun Bowl Stadium<\/td>\n50426<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\n2006-Present<\/td>\nReliant Stadium<\/td>\n69500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Data is from NCAA.com. N\/A ( not applicable) indicates the game was not played in that particular year.<\/em><\/p>\n

Winning Percentage (Wpct) \u2014 The percentage of games won by each team in the regular season (including conference championship games, when applicable), averaged together (Table 10).<\/p>\n

Table 10
\nWinning Percentage (averaged between the two participating teams)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/th>\n1998\/99<\/th>\n1999\/00<\/th>\n2000\/01<\/th>\n2001\/02<\/th>\n2002\/03<\/th>\n2003\/04<\/th>\n2004\/05<\/th>\n2005\/06<\/th>\n2006\/07<\/th>\n2007\/08<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n0.792<\/td>\n0.739<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.615<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.920<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.962<\/td>\n0.881<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n0.784<\/td>\n0.784<\/td>\n0.739<\/td>\n0.780<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.760<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.826<\/td>\n0.843<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.610<\/td>\n0.671<\/td>\n0.676<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.718<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.826<\/td>\n0.718<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n0.697<\/td>\n0.626<\/td>\n0.748<\/td>\n0.735<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.693<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.763<\/td>\n0.756<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.679<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n0.958<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n0.871<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.810<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n0.826<\/td>\n0.923<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.697<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.769<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.763<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.689<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.837<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.654<\/td>\n0.679<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.676<\/td>\n0.599<\/td>\n0.610<\/td>\n0.697<\/td>\n0.676<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.780<\/td>\n0.724<\/td>\n0.792<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.746<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.610<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.655<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.693<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.728<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.739<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.666<\/td>\n0.606<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.648<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.641<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.697<\/td>\n0.564<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.561<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n0.846<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.784<\/td>\n0.955<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.676<\/td>\n0.676<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.683<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\n0.777<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n0.610<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.679<\/td>\n0.635<\/td>\n0.652<\/td>\n0.564<\/td>\n0.638<\/td>\n0.599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.638<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.561<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.545<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\n0.731<\/td>\n0.652<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.826<\/td>\n0.958<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.826<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.788<\/td>\n0.881<\/td>\n0.881<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.636<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.739<\/td>\n0.760<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.625<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\n0.591<\/td>\n0.667<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n0.909<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.818<\/td>\n0.958<\/td>\n0.840<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.864<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.875<\/td>\n0.792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.701<\/td>\n0.542<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.696<\/td>\n0.599<\/td>\n0.558<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n0.878<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n0.839<\/td>\n0.830<\/td>\n0.808<\/td>\n0.923<\/td>\n0.917<\/td>\n0.871<\/td>\n0.833<\/td>\n0.917<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n0.606<\/td>\n0.727<\/td>\n0.606<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.500<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.682<\/td>\n0.576<\/td>\n0.679<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n0.708<\/td>\n0.583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

For Bowl games that are more than five years old (n = 194)<\/em><\/p>\n

Five-year Average Attendance (FiveAtt) \u2014 The average attendance of a bowl game for the past five years (Table 11).<\/p>\n

Table 11
\nFive-year Average Attendance<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bowl<\/td>\n1998\/99<\/td>\n1999\/00<\/td>\n2000\/01<\/td>\n2001\/02<\/td>\n2002\/03<\/td>\n2003\/04<\/td>\n2004\/05<\/td>\n2005\/06<\/td>\n2006\/07<\/td>\n2007\/08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alamo<\/td>\n53129.60<\/td>\n56142.40<\/td>\n60397.20<\/td>\n59483.40<\/td>\n61394.40<\/td>\n60422.00<\/td>\n59511.20<\/td>\n59488.20<\/td>\n59882.60<\/td>\n60011.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aloha<\/td>\n43592.00<\/td>\n44080.40<\/td>\n43302.80<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Armed Forces<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BCS*<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n74872.20<\/td>\n76662.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital One<\/td>\n70171.00<\/td>\n68396.60<\/td>\n66559.80<\/td>\n65786.00<\/td>\n65031.20<\/td>\n63710.00<\/td>\n63906.20<\/td>\n65549.80<\/td>\n63608.40<\/td>\n63824.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Champs Sports<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n62519.00<\/td>\n65549.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chick-fil-A<\/td>\n66795.40<\/td>\n68687.40<\/td>\n70370.00<\/td>\n70927.80<\/td>\n72568.80<\/td>\n71992.40<\/td>\n72442.20<\/td>\n71645.60<\/td>\n70046.80<\/td>\n70762.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton<\/td>\n65886.00<\/td>\n66437.20<\/td>\n66938.20<\/td>\n67988.40<\/td>\n68193.80<\/td>\n70514.20<\/td>\n70777.60<\/td>\n71373.80<\/td>\n73525.20<\/td>\n72289.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emerald<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n29662.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiesta<\/td>\n72114.80<\/td>\n73755.00<\/td>\n73266.60<\/td>\n72379.40<\/td>\n74181.80<\/td>\n75808.80<\/td>\n74399.80<\/td>\n74798.40<\/td>\n74952.00<\/td>\n74872.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gator<\/td>\n56165.20<\/td>\n56882.40<\/td>\n53125.60<\/td>\n57833.40<\/td>\n61853.20<\/td>\n65728.20<\/td>\n67348.40<\/td>\n72687.60<\/td>\n71695.40<\/td>\n70795.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GMAC<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n39181.00<\/td>\n40373.00<\/td>\n39397.40<\/td>\n39119.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawaii<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n33978.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Holiday<\/td>\n53624.40<\/td>\n56273.60<\/td>\n55806.60<\/td>\n58252.00<\/td>\n59411.80<\/td>\n61003.00<\/td>\n60152.60<\/td>\n61973.40<\/td>\n62401.00<\/td>\n62770.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Houston<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n42073.80<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Humanitarian<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n24655.50<\/td>\n25813.60<\/td>\n26504.40<\/td>\n26351.00<\/td>\n27209.00<\/td>\n28245.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Independence<\/td>\n40344.20<\/td>\n42952.80<\/td>\n47479.00<\/td>\n45106.80<\/td>\n45959.00<\/td>\n45086.40<\/td>\n45639.00<\/td>\n44264.40<\/td>\n45136.00<\/td>\n45021.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insight<\/td>\n45341.60<\/td>\n42756.00<\/td>\n40884.00<\/td>\n41045.80<\/td>\n40627.00<\/td>\n38856.60<\/td>\n40100.00<\/td>\n42131.00<\/td>\n42475.60<\/td>\n44148.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Las Vegas<\/td>\n15165.80<\/td>\n16350.00<\/td>\n18483.00<\/td>\n22080.20<\/td>\n26235.40<\/td>\n27997.40<\/td>\n28799.00<\/td>\n28966.00<\/td>\n31154.00<\/td>\n33898.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Liberty<\/td>\n40229.40<\/td>\n46448.40<\/td>\n50765.60<\/td>\n52946.40<\/td>\n54907.40<\/td>\n55907.00<\/td>\n56666.40<\/td>\n57364.20<\/td>\n56682.60<\/td>\n56109.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meinecke<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n61649.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MicronPC.com<\/td>\n39691.40<\/td>\n40865.60<\/td>\n36916.80<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor City<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n43496.80<\/td>\n45203.20<\/td>\n49127.20<\/td>\n50665.00<\/td>\n50206.00<\/td>\n52195.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music City<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n46579.20<\/td>\n49351.40<\/td>\n50725.00<\/td>\n49405.00<\/td>\n53784.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Mexico<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New Orleans<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n23360.60<\/td>\n22918.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oahu<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orange<\/td>\n74557.20<\/td>\n71833.80<\/td>\n69575.40<\/td>\n70502.80<\/td>\n72571.40<\/td>\n72965.20<\/td>\n74729.20<\/td>\n76219.40<\/td>\n76407.00<\/td>\n76573.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outback<\/td>\n57864.60<\/td>\n60535.80<\/td>\n59070.80<\/td>\n59054.00<\/td>\n61671.60<\/td>\n63328.60<\/td>\n63202.00<\/td>\n64873.00<\/td>\n65003.40<\/td>\n64873.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Papajohns.com<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Poinsettia<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/td>\n101088.00<\/td>\n99615.00<\/td>\n97912.00<\/td>\n96770.00<\/td>\n95399.00<\/td>\n92525.00<\/td>\n92520.00<\/td>\n92468.00<\/td>\n92386.00<\/td>\n92401.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seattle<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silicon Valley<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sugar<\/td>\n73515.40<\/td>\n73728.60<\/td>\n74339.80<\/td>\n73164.60<\/td>\n73033.40<\/td>\n74429.40<\/td>\n74997.20<\/td>\n74611.00<\/td>\n76621.20<\/td>\n76639.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun<\/td>\n47080.20<\/td>\n47633.00<\/td>\n47262.00<\/td>\n47257.40<\/td>\n48275.60<\/td>\n48238.20<\/td>\n48894.60<\/td>\n49400.80<\/td>\n49667.40<\/td>\n49851.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Texas<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*Figures are based on last five bowls hosted by the local committee<\/em>
\nData source: NCAA.com<\/em>
\nN\/A (not applicable) indicates the game was not played in that particular year.<\/em><\/p>\n

Results<\/h2>\n

When all bowl games (n=271) were counted, six variables combined to explain 82.2 percent of the variance in attendance (r2<\/sup>d = .822). The variables were: Seating Capacity (Stadium), Age of the bowl (Age), Average Home Attendance of the participants (AHAtt), number of miles in travel between the location of the institutions and the bowl games (Distance), and the number of days elapsed from the end of the regular season or conference championship game to the bowl game itself (Notice), as shown in Table 12.<\/p>\n

Table 12
\nModel Summary<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Model<\/th>\nR<\/th>\nr2<\/sup><\/th>\nAdjusted r2<\/sup><\/th>\nStd. Error of the Estimate<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\n.743a<\/sup><\/td>\n.552<\/td>\n.551<\/td>\n12822.102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n.841b<\/sup><\/td>\n.707<\/td>\n.704<\/td>\n10399.231<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n.884c<\/sup><\/td>\n.782<\/td>\n.779<\/td>\n8983.648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n.897d<\/sup><\/td>\n.804<\/td>\n.801<\/td>\n8524.124<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n.903e<\/sup><\/td>\n.816<\/td>\n.813<\/td>\n8279.997<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n.907f<\/sup><\/td>\n.822<\/td>\n.818<\/td>\n8156.106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
b. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium, Age<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
c. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium, Age, AHAtt<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium, Age, AHAtt, Wpct<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
e. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium, Age, AHAtt, Wpct, Distance<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
f. Predictors: (Constant), Stadium, Age, AHAtt, Wpct, Distance, Notice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Each variable had a relationship to attendance that was statistically significant at the 0.01 alpha level (p > 0.01), as noted in Table 13.<\/p>\n

Table 13
\nCoefficients and Relationships<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Model<\/th>\nUnstandardized Coefficients<\/th>\nStandardized Coefficients<\/th>\nt<\/th>\nSig.<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
B<\/th>\nStd. Error<\/th>\nBeta<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-5233.704<\/td>\n3280.305<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-1.595<\/td>\n.112<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.944<\/td>\n.052<\/td>\n.743<\/td>\n18.214<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n4910.494<\/td>\n2794.302<\/td>\n<\/td>\n1.757<\/td>\n.080<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.636<\/td>\n.049<\/td>\n.501<\/td>\n12.887<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age<\/td>\n318.709<\/td>\n26.845<\/td>\n.461<\/td>\n11.872<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-2534.098<\/td>\n2535.494<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-.999<\/td>\n.318<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.527<\/td>\n.044<\/td>\n.415<\/td>\n11.947<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age<\/td>\n237.622<\/td>\n24.682<\/td>\n.344<\/td>\n9.627<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.294<\/td>\n.031<\/td>\n.327<\/td>\n9.598<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-18954.895<\/td>\n3822.348<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-4.959<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.485<\/td>\n.043<\/td>\n.382<\/td>\n11.401<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age<\/td>\n190.531<\/td>\n24.920<\/td>\n.276<\/td>\n7.646<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.270<\/td>\n.029<\/td>\n.301<\/td>\n9.216<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n30760.395<\/td>\n5564.072<\/td>\n.184<\/td>\n5.528<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-16058.380<\/td>\n3779.075<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-4.249<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.448<\/td>\n.042<\/td>\n.353<\/td>\n10.583<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age<\/td>\n189.036<\/td>\n24.209<\/td>\n.274<\/td>\n7.808<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.271<\/td>\n.029<\/td>\n.302<\/td>\n9.515<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n34305.556<\/td>\n5473.019<\/td>\n.205<\/td>\n6.268<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-3.142<\/td>\n.764<\/td>\n-.112<\/td>\n-4.113<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-24353.011<\/td>\n4626.876<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-5.263<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.455<\/td>\n.042<\/td>\n.358<\/td>\n10.885<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Age<\/td>\n178.672<\/td>\n24.093<\/td>\n.259<\/td>\n7.416<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.238<\/td>\n.030<\/td>\n.265<\/td>\n7.904<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n34631.879<\/td>\n5392.212<\/td>\n.207<\/td>\n6.423<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-3.240<\/td>\n.753<\/td>\n-.115<\/td>\n-4.303<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Notice<\/td>\n299.769<\/td>\n99.308<\/td>\n.089<\/td>\n3.019<\/td>\n.003<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Dependent Variable: Attendance<\/em><\/p>\n

So a formula that would explain the variance in bowl attendance would look something like this:<\/p>\n

S = Seating Capacity<\/p>\n

A = Age of the bowl<\/p>\n

T = Average Home Attendance of the Participating teams (The sum Average Home Attendance of each team divided by two)<\/p>\n

W = Winning Percentage (the sum of the regular season winning percentages of the two participating teams, including conference championship games when applicable, divided by two).<\/p>\n

D = Travel distance (the sum of the travel distance between each participating institution\u2019s home city and the city hosting the bowl game, divided by two)<\/p>\n

N = Notice (the sum of the number of days between the last regular season game or conference championship game of each team and the bowl game, divided by two)<\/p>\n

Bowl Attendance = .455S + 172.672A + 34631.879W – 3.24D + 299.769N – 24353.011.<\/p>\n

On bowls that were at least six years old (n = 194), the five-year attendance average was included as an independent variable. Five variables; Five Year Average Attendance (FiveAtt, Travel Distance (Distance), Winning Percentage (Wpct), Average Home Attendance (AHAtt), and Seating Capacity (Stadium); combined to explain 91 percent of the variance in attendance (r2<\/sup>d = .910), as can be observed in Table 14.<\/p>\n

Table 14
\nModel Summary Bowls that are at least Six Years Old<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Model<\/th>\nR<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nVAR00021 > 5 (Selected)<\/td>\nr2<\/sup><\/td>\nAdjusted r2<\/sup><\/td>\nStd. Error of the Estimate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\n.939a<\/sup><\/td>\n.883<\/td>\n.882<\/td>\n5893.063<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n.946b<\/sup><\/td>\n.894<\/td>\n.893<\/td>\n5604.919<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n.949c<\/sup><\/td>\n.901<\/td>\n.899<\/td>\n5451.683<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n.952d<\/sup><\/td>\n.906<\/td>\n.904<\/td>\n5301.487<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n.954e<\/sup><\/td>\n.910<\/td>\n.908<\/td>\n5202.987<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a. Predictors: (Constant), FiveAtt<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
b. Predictors: (Constant), FiveAtt, Distance<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
c. Predictors: (Constant), FiveAtt, Distance, Wpct<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d. Predictors: (Constant), FiveAtt, Distance, Wpct, AHAtt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
e. Predictors: (Constant), FiveAtt, Distance, Wpct, AHAtt, Stadium<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As in the previous formula, all variables had a relationship with attendance that was statistically significant (Table 1) at the 0.01 alpha level (p < 0.01).<\/p>\n

Table 15
\nCoefficients and Relationships for bowls at least six years old.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Model<\/td>\nUnstandardized Coefficients<\/td>\nStandardized Coefficients<\/td>\nt<\/td>\nSig.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B<\/th>\nStd. Error<\/th>\nBeta<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n6456.892<\/td>\n1446.943<\/td>\n<\/td>\n4.462<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FiveAtt<\/td>\n.917<\/td>\n.024<\/td>\n.939<\/td>\n37.981<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n9579.045<\/td>\n1533.840<\/td>\n<\/td>\n6.245<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FiveAtt<\/td>\n.913<\/td>\n.023<\/td>\n.935<\/td>\n39.696<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-2.996<\/td>\n.650<\/td>\n-.109<\/td>\n-4.610<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n2699.321<\/td>\n2491.405<\/td>\n<\/td>\n1.083<\/td>\n.280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FiveAtt<\/td>\n.846<\/td>\n.029<\/td>\n.867<\/td>\n28.691<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-3.401<\/td>\n.643<\/td>\n-.123<\/td>\n-5.290<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n15344.128<\/td>\n4450.253<\/td>\n.105<\/td>\n3.448<\/td>\n.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n537.570<\/td>\n2502.378<\/td>\n<\/td>\n.215<\/td>\n.830<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FiveAtt<\/td>\n.788<\/td>\n.033<\/td>\n.807<\/td>\n23.629<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-3.253<\/td>\n.627<\/td>\n-.118<\/td>\n-5.190<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n15823.608<\/td>\n4329.875<\/td>\n.108<\/td>\n3.655<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.082<\/td>\n.024<\/td>\n.097<\/td>\n3.452<\/td>\n.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n(Constant)<\/td>\n-3309.442<\/td>\n2798.385<\/td>\n<\/td>\n-1.183<\/td>\n.238<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FiveAtt<\/td>\n.690<\/td>\n.047<\/td>\n.707<\/td>\n14.603<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Distance<\/td>\n-2.909<\/td>\n.627<\/td>\n-.105<\/td>\n-4.641<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wpct<\/td>\n15173.014<\/td>\n4255.479<\/td>\n.104<\/td>\n3.566<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AHAtt<\/td>\n.090<\/td>\n.023<\/td>\n.106<\/td>\n3.847<\/td>\n.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stadium<\/td>\n.142<\/td>\n.050<\/td>\n.117<\/td>\n2.868<\/td>\n.005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The formula for bowls that are at least six years old would include:<\/p>\n

S = Seating Capacity<\/p>\n

T = Average Home Attendance of the Participating teams (The sum Average Home Attendance of each team divided by two)<\/p>\n

W = Winning Percentage (the sum of the regular season winning percentages of the two participating teams, including conference championship games when applicable, divided by two).<\/p>\n

D = Travel distance (the sum of the travel distance between each participating institution\u2019s home city and the city hosting the bowl game, divided by two)<\/p>\n

F = Average attendance over the past five years.<\/p>\n

Attendance = 0.690F – 2.909D + 15173.014W + 0.09T + .142S – 3309.442<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/h2>\n

Bowl committees will publicly state that they invite the most deserving teams more so than those that will bring the highest attendance. It is easy to see why the latter option would be more tempting. On table 12, where all bowls are included, it shows that average home attendance accounts for 7.5 percent of the variance in bowl attendance, while winning percentage only accounts for 2.2 percent. This can be figured from the r2<\/sup>d numbers on step 2, a formula that does not include Average Home Attendance but explains 70.7 percent of the variance, but step 3, which adds Average Home Attendance explains 78.2 percent of the variance, a difference of 7.5 percent. Step 4, which adds winning percentage, explains 80.4 percent of the variance, a difference of 2.2 percent. In Table 14, where only bowls that are at least six years old are studied, winning percentage accounts for 0.7 percent of the variance while Average Home Attendance accounts for 0.5. Notice, which theoretically would become an issue with the increasing number of bowl games played before Christmas and the later invitation dates brought about by the BCS and conference championship games, was not a factor in the bowls that were six years old or more and only explained .6 % of the variance in bowls overall.<\/p>\n

Future Studies<\/h2>\n

Since the adjusted r2<\/sup> for the first formula is .818, this means the average accuracy of any prediction on bowl attendance would be 81.8 percent (.908\/90.8 percent on the second formula). Future studies could focus on bowls that exceed their expected attendance with a qualitative look at the marketing methods used by these bowls compared to other bowls that do not fare as well. Conferences and teams whose bowl appearances draw larger crowds than expected could also be studied.<\/p>\n

The second formula, that takes five-year attendance averages into account, could be used by bowl committees to set goals for attendance each year. Since the bowls do not know until December who their participants will be, setting a goal based on this formula\u2019s expectation and using it to measure improvement would be more reasonable.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n

Hardy, Stephen, Bernard J. Mullin and William A. Sutton (2003). Sports Marketing (pp. 55-75). Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.<\/p>\n

Official Website of the NCAA.<\/em> Retrieved May 13, 2008 from Ncaa.com.<\/p>\n

Ask.com.<\/em> Retrieved May16, 2008 from Ask.com.<\/p>\n

Mapquest<\/em>. Retrieved May 23, 2008 from Mapquest.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Submitted by: Kelly E. Flanagan, M.S.S., D.S.M. – United States Sports Academy<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[291,296],"tags":[112,23,66],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-52","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":350,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/geographical-effects-on-college-bowl-games\/","url_meta":{"origin":312,"position":0},"title":"Geographical Effects on College Bowl Games","date":"July 10, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Steve Yoost Abstract One of the most heated debates in all of college sports centers on the college football postseason. With the goal of creating the best structure for determining a national champion, some parties argue for playoffs, while others advocate that the current bowl system should remain\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":363,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/making-college-footballs-postseason-fair-legal-and-ethical-while-preserving-its-unique-traditions\/","url_meta":{"origin":312,"position":1},"title":"Making College Football\u2019s Postseason Fair, Legal and Ethical While Preserving its Unique Traditions","date":"January 8, 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"By Dr. Kelly E. Flanagan, United States Sports Academy Abstract Controversy continues to surround college football bowl games, especially when official championship events became the norm in professionals sports, college sports, end even college football in the lower division levels. 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Thus, the process of how schools are\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7914,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/college-footballs-bottom-line-impact-exploring-the-relationship-of-football-performance-on-athletic-finances-for-division-i-institutions-today\/","url_meta":{"origin":312,"position":4},"title":"College Football\u2019s Bottom-Line Impact: Exploring the Relationship of Football Performance on Athletic Finances for Division I Institutions Today","date":"July 23, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Spencer D. Wyld1 and David C. Wyld2 1 Walton College of Business, Department of Finance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA2 Department of Management & Business Administration, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA Corresponding Author:David C. Wyld, DBA47042 Scott DriveHammond, LA 70401dwyld@selu.edu985-789-2127 Spencer D. Wyld, M.B.A., is a doctoral\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Figure1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":248,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/a-model-of-the-factors-contributing-to-fan-support-at-small-college-athletic-events\/","url_meta":{"origin":312,"position":5},"title":"A Model of the Factors Contributing to Fan Support at Small-College Athletic Events","date":"September 1, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Alan Brokaw , Dr. George W. Stone & Michael A. Jones Introduction A great deal has been written in both academic and popular periodicals about the value of college athletic programs. 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