{"id":247,"date":"2006-09-05T10:19:01","date_gmt":"2006-09-05T15:19:01","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-27T13:47:30","modified_gmt":"2015-03-27T18:47:30","slug":"the-physical-and-physiological-properties-of-football-players-from-a-turkish-professional-first-division-football-league","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-physical-and-physiological-properties-of-football-players-from-a-turkish-professional-first-division-football-league\/","title":{"rendered":"The Physical and Physiological Properties of Football Players from a Turkish Professional First-Division Football League"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: S. Muniroglu & M. Koz<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research aims to determine the effects of a six weeks pre-season
\npreparation training period on the physical and physiological characteristics
\nof a football team in the Turkish Professional First Division League.
\nTwenty football players participated in this study. Their ages were 22.2
\n\u00b1 3.41 years old, and they had 12.4 \u00b1 4.2 years of training.
\nTheir height was 178.9 \u00b1 5.13 cm. (Table 1). The body weight, body
\nfat percentage, flexibility, systolic\/diastolic blood pressure, aerobic
\ncapacity, anaerobic power, vertical jump, and speed of these players were
\ntested twice; once at the beginning of the six-week pre-season preparation
\ntraining period and again at the end of the training period (Table 2).
\nResearch data was evaluated statistically with pair-t test at a significance
\nlevel of (p\u2039 0.05). There were some significant changes in weight,
\nbody fat percent, systolic\/diastolic blood pressure, aerobic capacity,
\nanaerobic power, and vertical jump. There were no any statistically significant
\nchanges in elasticity and speed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Recently, there have been significant changes related to the physiological
\nand medical aspects of football. Studies on the ideal physical and physiological
\nproperties of a successful football player show that due to the improvements
\nin the speed and skills of the football players, football has become more
\ndynamic (Mangine, et al., 1990).<\/p>\n

The increase in productivity of sportsmen results directly from the quality
\nand quantity of the hard work achieved within training. From the beginning
\nlevel higher levels, tasks during training should be increased gradually
\ndepending on the psychological and physical skills of each sportsman (Bompa,
\n1998). Players of higher level function and structural power may overcome
\nthe challenging conditions of a professional football season with intensive
\npre-season training. If gradual increases are applied consciously and
\nregularly within training sessions, higher levels of adjustments may continue
\n(Renklikurt, 1991).<\/p>\n

A pre-season preparation period covers the period from the beginning
\nof team-training till the first official match. The length of these training
\nperiods may differ from one country to another. During this training period,
\nphysical conditioning should be composed mainly of games and exercises
\nwith a ball. The number of training sessions from the beginning of football
\nseason should be increased gradually (Bangsbo, 1994).<\/p>\n

The most important thing that the technical committee should consider
\nbefore the season begins is the physical condition of football players
\nafter the holiday season. Because of this, some teams include physical
\nand physiological tests in their programs to see how the players are doing
\nand to evaluate their preparation plans. These tests give information
\non the properties of endurance, speed, muscular endurance, strength, coordination,
\ntechnical, and tactical elements during the preparation period.<\/p>\n

Body composition is an important physical component for football. Excess
\nbody fat makes the body move constantly against gravity and it is an unnecessary
\nload for footballers (Reilly, 1996). Although there have been several
\nstudies that examined the seasonal changes in the body composition of
\nelite sportsmen\u2019s (Siders, et al. 1994 & Morris and Payne, 1996);
\nthere are not enough studies on the effects of a pre-season preparation
\ntraining period on the physical and physiological properties of high level
\nprofessional footballers\u2019 performance, particularly in regards to
\nbody composition. This study aims to determine and examine the physical
\nand physiological changes that occur during a six week pre-season preparation
\ntraining period to a football team of the Turkish Professional First Level
\nDivision League.<\/p>\n

Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this study, the professional football team is in Ankara. Pre-testing
\nwas performed on the team after the holiday season and the follow up post-testing
\nwas done after a pre-season preparation training period. The pre-season
\npreparation training period lasted six weeks with sixty training sessions
\nand six preparation games played. The properties of the footballers who
\nparticipated in this study are clearly tested pre and post the six-week
\npre-season participation training period (Table 2).<\/p>\n

Body fat percent (BFP) was calculated utilizing a skin fold method and
\nidentified as percent mass (Adams, 1990). Systolic and diastolic blood
\npressure was recorded as mmHg utilizing a stethoscope and sphygomanometer
\nin a stable sitted position. In order to determine the aerobic capacity,
\na twenty meter shuttle run test was done on a grass field. The shuttle
\nrun test was utilized to measure maximum oxygen consumption VO 2max and
\ndefined in ml\/kg\/min (Tamer, 1995). Anaerobic strength measurements were
\ndone utilizing the Bosco test protocol (Bosco Contact Mat; New Test 1000)
\nand the results indicated as watts. The vertical jump test was measured
\nutilizing jump meter equipment and the sit and reach equipment was utilized
\nto measure flexibility. The ten-meter and thirty-meter speed values were
\ncalculated on the grass field starting 1m behind the starting point with
\nthe help of sensory photocell. Research data was evaluated by t-test utilizing
\na SPSS 10.0 statistical package program with significance level of (p
\n\u2039 0.05).<\/p>\n

Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n

Several physical and physiological properties of footballers\u2019
\nwere measured in a pre and post testing protocol and the measurements
\nwere recorded and evaluated. (Table 2).<\/p>\n

Values prior to the six-week pre-season preparation training period were
\nas followings: body weight 74.65 \u00b1 5.90 kgs, body fat percent 6.43
\n\u00b1 1.67 %, vertical jump 58.70 \u00b1 6. 94 cms, anaerobic power
\n27.59 \u00b1 4.01 watts\/ kg, ten meter speed 1.64 \u00b1 0.41 seconds,
\nthirty meter speed 4.06 \u00b1 0.91 seconds, flexibility 31.57 \u00b1
\n5.78, VO2max 56.95 \u00b1 4.07 ml\/kg\/min, systolic blood pressure 114.5
\n\u00b1 6.04 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure 74.0 \u00b1 6.40 mmHg.<\/p>\n

Values after the six-week pre-season preparation training period were
\nas followings: body weight 73.85 \u00b1 5.34 kgs, body fat percent 5.84
\n\u00b1 1.36 %, vertical jump 60.80 \u00b1 7. 01 cms, anaerobic power
\n30.29 \u00b1 7.76 watts\/kg, ten meter speed 1.62 \u00b1 0.32 seconds,
\nthirty meter speed 4.02 \u00b1 0.13 seconds, elasticity 33.32 \u00b1
\n4.32 cms, VO2max 59.48 \u00b1 3.28 ml\/ kg\/ min, systolic blood pressure
\n71.0 \u00b1 5.52 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure 110.7 \u00b1 6.93
\nmmHg.<\/p>\n

These findings show that after the six-week pre-season preparation training
\nperiod there were some statistically significant differences between the
\npre and post measurements in the values concerning body weight, body fat
\npercent, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, anaerobic power, aerobic
\npower, and vertical jump at a level of (p\u2039 0.05). The values of
\nten-meter speed, thirty-meter speed, and elasticity improved, but they
\nwere not statistically significant at a level of (p\u2039 0.05).<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this study, the results of the tests done to determine the physical
\nand physiological properties of a football team in the Turkish Professional
\nFirst Division League pre and post a six-week pre-season preparation training
\nperiod were evaluated. The average age of the twenty players was 22.2
\n\u00b1 3.41; they had 12.4 \u00b1 5.34 years of training; they had
\na height of 178.9 \u00b1 5.13cms. There was a significant increase in
\nbody weight with a post-measurement of 73.85 \u00b1 5.34 kgs.<\/p>\n

In a previous study on a first division league team in England, having
\na twenty-eight pre-season preparation training sessions lasting thirty-five
\ndays, showed an increase in the body weight of the players, with a pre-training
\nperiod body weight measurement from 74.05 \u00b1 9.2 kgs. to a post-training
\nperiod body weight measurement of 77.6 \u00b1 8.7 (Mercer et al.,1992).
\nThe body weight values of another study on a football team in Turkish
\nfirst division league also had six-week pre-season preparation training
\nperiod and their pre-training period body weight of 74.05 \u00b1 6.60
\nwent to a post-training period body weight of 73.68 \u00b1 6.04 (Acikada
\net al., 1996).<\/p>\n

In the pre-training period the body fat percent measurement was 7.43
\n\u00b1 1.67 percent and in the post-training period body fat percent
\nmeasurement decreased to 6.84 \u00b1 1.36. This decrease was also statistically
\nsignificant at a level of (p \u2039 0.05). In terms of past research
\non body fat percent, only the beginning of race season and the changes
\nafterwards were ever studied (Burke, et al. 1986). Ostojic and Zivanic
\n(2001) found that body fat percent of Serbian professional football players
\ndecreased significantly during the race season and increased out of season.
\nBurke et al., (1986) and Reilly (1996) pointed out that fat in the body
\nof football players may accumulate out of season and players may lose
\nmore weight during pre-season training than other periods.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, Ostojic and Zivanic (2001) stated that the effects
\nof training sessions and matches on body weight may have a decreasing
\neffect at different periods. Some footballers may lose more weight during
\nrace season than in a pre-season preparation training period; they may
\nalso reach the minimum level of body mass index at the end of the season.
\nHoshikawa, et al. (2003) studied that body mass may increase and muscle
\nmass may decrease even without any training after the season ends for
\na short period such as four weeks. On the other hand, with a well organized
\npre-season program, body mass can be decreased and lost muscle mass can
\nbe regained. In this present study, the decreases occurring in the body
\nmass index as well as in the body weight after the six-week pre-season
\npreparation training period are significant and are compatible with the
\nabove mentioned literature except the study by Acikada, and et al. (1996).<\/p>\n

The pre-training vertical jump measurement was 58.70 \u00b1 6.54cms
\nand increased to 60.80 \u00b1 7.01cms after the training period. This
\nincrease was also statistically significant at a level of (p\u2039 0.05).
\nThis increase in the vertical jump was also observed after a preparation
\ntraining period of third league professional team players (Kocyigid, et
\nal., 1996). Mercer, et al. (1992), Gunay (1994) and Acikada, et al. (1996)
\nfound similar results.<\/p>\n

The pre-training period anaerobic power measurement was 27.59 \u00b1
\n4.01 and increased to 30.29 \u00b1 7.76 watts\/kg after the pre-season
\npreparation training period. In this study, the increase in the anaerobic
\npower can be interpreted as the interaction of intensive continuity exercises
\nand type II muscle fiber (Bosco, et al., 1998). Kartal, Gunay, and Acikada,
\net al. (1996) found similar results.<\/p>\n

Aerobic capacity is one of the basic targets in developing a pre-season
\npreparation training program. In football, there is a complex order based
\non an aerobic structure. The pre-training period measurement for aerobic
\ncapacity (VO 2max value) was 56.95 \u00b1 4.07 ml\/ kg\/ min and increased
\nto a VO 2max value of 59.48 \u00b1 3.28 ml\/kg\/min. This can be interpreted
\nas the effect of the aerobic exercises and conditioning experienced in
\nthe pre-season preparation training period. German national team players
\nhave a high aerobic capacity of 62 ml\/kg\/min (Islegen, 1987). Pre-season
\ntraining programs have been evaluated and all past research findings have
\nshown positive effects on aerobic capacity.<\/p>\n

When comparing flexibility measurements to other teams on all levels,
\nthe Turkish league is quiet low. For example, in a study done on an English
\nfirst division league team utilizing the same testing procedures, the
\npost-flexibility measurements were quite better at 43.1 \u00b1 4. 5
\n(Mercer, et al., 1992). The cause of this problem may be identified as
\na lack of a sufficient stretching program at all levels.<\/p>\n

The reason for the lowered blood pressure and lowered heart rate experienced
\nby the sportsmen is due to sport specific adaptation the occurs after
\na long periods of regular training (Kandeydi, et al., 1984).<\/p>\n

Speed is a motor characteristic that directly affects the success in
\nfootball. The pre-training ten-meter speed measurement was 1.64 \u00b1
\n0.32 seconds and the pre-training thirty-meter speed measurement was 4.06
\n\u00b1 0.91 seconds. After the pre-season preparation training period
\nthe speed values were 1.62 \u00b1 0.32 seconds for the ten-meter speed
\ntest and 4.02 \u00b1 0.13 seconds for the thirty-meter speed test. This
\nincrease in speed was not statistically significant. In similar studies,
\nKartal and Gunay (1994) also showed increases in speed with no statistical
\nsignificance.<\/p>\n

Acikada, et al (1996) interpreted the decrease of the ten-meter speed
\nvalue of 1.667 \u00b1 0.156 seconds to 1.713 \u00b1 0.046 seconds
\nafter a period of training was due to the increase of overall gain in
\npower and strength. Enisler, et al. (1996) determined some values for
\nthe ten-meter speed test and the thirty meter-speed test of footballers
\naccording to their league level as followings: Level I League ten-meter
\nspeed as 1.60 \u00b1 0.07 seconds and thirty-meter speed as 4.07 \u00b1
\n0.12 seconds; Level II League ten-meter speed as 1.62 \u00b1 0.05 seconds
\nand thirty-meter speed as 4.10 \u00b1 0.11 seconds; Level III League
\nten-meter speed as 1.67 \u00b1 0.04 seconds and thirty-meter speed as
\n4.13 \u00b1 0.10 seconds; Amateur Level ten-meter speed as 1.66 \u00b1
\n0.06 seconds and thirty-meter speed as 4.16 \u00b1 0.12 seconds.<\/p>\n

The differences between the levels are not statistically significant.
\nThe decrease in speed times may be due to the decrease in body weight
\nand body mass index. As Ostojic and Zivaniz (2001) stated, the decrease
\nin the body mass index is related to the increase in the sprint time of
\nfootball players.<\/p>\n

Some of the significant test results that occurred after the pre-season
\npreparation training period can be explained as being successful in achieving
\nthe desired physical profile needed to compete in the challenging league
\nmarathon. This kind of testing and training can help in the building of
\ntactics and techniques for training footballers.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Acikada, C. O., Hazir, A. & Asci, T. (1996). The effect of pre-season\u00a0preparation training on some strength and endurance characteristics of\u00a0a football team. Journal of Football Science and Technology.1.3. (4).\u00a0Ankara.<\/li>\n
  2. Adams, G. M. (1990). Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual. Dubuque:\u00a0Wmc Brown Publishers.<\/li>\n
  3. Bangsbo (1994). Football Physical Condition Coordination Training. (H.\u00a0Gunduz, Trans.) Istanbul: TFG Publishers.<\/li>\n
  4. Bompa, T.O. (1998). Theory and Methodology of Training. ( I, Keskin.\u00a0& A.B.Tunur, Trans.) Ankara: Bagirgan Publishers.<\/li>\n
  5. Bosco, C. , Tihanyi, J. & Latteri, F.et al. (1986). The Effect of\u00a0Fatigue on Stirred and Re-use of Elastic Energy in Slow and Fast Types\u00a0of Human Skeletal Muscles. Acta Physiol Scand.<\/li>\n
  6. Burke, L. M., Gollan, R.A. & Read, R.S. (1986). Seasonal changes\u00a0in body composition in Australian rules footballers. British Journal of\u00a0Sports Medicine, 20.<\/li>\n
  7. Hoshikawa, Y. , Kano, A. , Ikoma, T., Muramutso, M. , Iida, T. , Uchiyama,\u00a0A. & Nakajima, Y. (2003). Off Season and Preseason Changes in Total\u00a0and Regional Body Composition in Japanese Professional Soccer League Players.\u00a0Book Abstract, Science and Football 5th World Congress, 11-15 April 2003,<\/li>\n
  8. Portugal.<\/li>\n
  9. Islegen, C. (1987). Physical and physiological profiles of professional\u00a0football teams of different leagues. Journal of Sports Physicians, 22.\u00a0Izmir.<\/li>\n
  10. Kandeydi, H. & Ergen, E. (1984). A comparison of physical and functional\u00a0characteristics of students from departments of physical training and\u00a0sports vs. medicine . Journal of Sports Physicians, 19 (1). Izmir.<\/li>\n
  11. Kartal, R. & Gunay, M. (1994).The effect of preseason preparation\u00a0trainings on some physical parameters of footballers. Journal of Sports\u00a0Sciences , 5(3). Ankara.<\/li>\n
  12. Kocyigit, F. , Auluk, I. , Sevimli, D. & Sev, N. (1996).The Effect\u00a0of Preparation Season Training on Some Motor Characteristics and Body\u00a0Composition Concerning the Age of the Footballers. IV. Sports Sciences\u00a0Congress 1-3 November, Ankara.<\/li>\n
  13. Mangine, R.E. , Noyes, F.R. , Mullen, M.P. & Barber, S.D. (1990).\u00a0A physiological profile of the elite soccer athlete. Journal of Orthopedic\u00a0and Sports Physical Therapy, 12.<\/li>\n
  14. Mercer, T.H. & Payne, W.R. (1992). Fitness Profiles of Professional\u00a0Soccer Players Before and After Preseason Conditioning. Division of Sports,\u00a0Health and Exercise, UK.<\/li>\n
  15. Morris, F.L. & Payne, W.R. (1996). Seasonal variations in the body\u00a0composition of lightweight rowers. British Journal of Sports Medicine,\u00a030.<\/li>\n
  16. Ostojic, S. M. & Zivanic, S. (2001). Effects of training on anthropometric\u00a0and physiological characteristics of elite Serbian soccer players. Acta\u00a0Biologie et Medicinae Experimentalis. 27(48).<\/li>\n
  17. Reilly, T. (1996). Fitness assessment. In Reilly, T. (Ed.) Science and\u00a0Soccer. London: E& FN Spon.<\/li>\n
  18. Renklikurt, T. (1991).Transition and preparation period basics and its\u00a0application in Turkey. Journal of Trainers\u2019 Voice, Tufad (1). Ankara.<\/li>\n
  19. Siders, W.A., Bolonchuk, W.W. & Lukaski, H.C. (1991). Effects of\u00a0participation in a collegiate sport season on body composition. Journal\u00a0of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31.<\/li>\n
  20. Tamer K. (1995). Sports Measurement and Evaluation of Physical and Physiological\u00a0Performance. Ankara: TurkerlerBookstore.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Appendices<\/p>\n

    Table 1. Characteristics of footballers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Variables<\/td>\nN<\/td>\nX \u00b1 SD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Age (year)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n22.2 \u00b1 3.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Age of exercise (year)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n12.4 \u00b1 4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Height (cm)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n178.9 \u00b1 5.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Table 2. Values of footballers\u2019 physical and physiological condition
    \npre and post six-week pre-season preparation training periods:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Variables<\/td>\nN<\/td>\nPre<\/td>\nPost<\/td>\nt<\/td>\np<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Body weight<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n74.65 \u00b1 5.93<\/td>\n73.85 \u00b1 5.34<\/td>\n2.19<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Body fat percent (%)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n7.43 \u00b1 1.67<\/td>\n6.84 \u00b1 1.36<\/td>\n2.61<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Vertical jump (cm)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n58.70 \u00b1 6.94<\/td>\n60.80 \u00b1 7.01<\/td>\n2.60<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Anaerobic power (W\/kg)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n27.59 \u00b1 4.01<\/td>\n30.29 \u00b1 7.76<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    10-meter (sc)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n1.64 \u00b1 0.41<\/td>\n1.62 \u00b1 0.32<\/td>\n1.45<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    30-meter (sc)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n4.06 \u00b1 0.91<\/td>\n4.02 \u00b1 0.13<\/td>\n1.65<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Flexibility (cm)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n31.57 \u00b1 5.78<\/td>\n33.32 \u00b1 4.32<\/td>\n1.37<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    VO2 max (ml\/kg\/min)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n56.95 \u00b1 4.07<\/td>\n59.48 \u00b1 3.28<\/td>\n3.10<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n74.0 \u00b1 5.52<\/td>\n71.0 \u00b1 5.52<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n114.5 \u00b1 6.04<\/td>\n110.7 \u00b1 6.93<\/td>\n2.88<\/td>\n*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Submitted by: S. Muniroglu & M. Koz<\/div>\n

    Abstract <\/p>\n

    This research aims to determine the effects of a six weeks pre-season
    \n preparation training period on the physical and physiological characteristics
    \n of a football team in the Turkish Professional First Division League.
    \n Twenty football players participated in this study. Their ages were 22.2
    \n ± 3.41 years old, and they had 12.4 ± 4.2 years of training.
    \n Their height was 178.9 ± 5.13 cm. (Table 1). The body weight, body
    \n fat percentage, flexibility, systolic\/diastolic blood pressure, aerobic
    \n capacity, anaerobic power, vertical jump, and speed of these players were
    \n tested twice; once at the beginning of the six-week pre-season preparation
    \n training period and again at the end of the training period (Table 2).
    \n Research data was evaluated statistically with pair-t test at a significance
    \n level of (p‹ 0.05). There were some significant changes in weight,
    \n body fat percent, systolic\/diastolic blood pressure, aerobic capacity,
    \n anaerobic power, and vertical jump. There were no any statistically significant
    \n changes in elasticity and speed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[295,292,291,296],"tags":[25,8,70,75],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-3Z","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":207,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-effects-of-the-speed-function-on-some-technical-elements-in-soccer\/","url_meta":{"origin":247,"position":0},"title":"The Effects of the Speed Function on Some Technical Elements in Soccer","date":"June 8, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Surhat Muniroglu Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the speed function on some technical elements (dribbling, slalom and agility) in soccer, and to determine the effect ratio of these elements on one another. 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Sbokos)Phone number: 0030 6945233315Fax number: 0030 2155308859 Emmanouil Smpokos, PhD\/MSc, is the senior physiologist at the Research and Development\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Figure1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5359,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/relationships-between-perfectionism-training-load-and-elite-junior-football-players-self-assessed-and-coach-assessed-skills\/","url_meta":{"origin":247,"position":2},"title":"Relationships Between Perfectionism, Training Load and Elite Junior Football Players\u2019 Self-Assessed and Coach-Assessed Skills","date":"November 2, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors: Fredrik Klund & Stig Arve S\u00e6ther Corresponding Author: Stig Arve S\u00e6ther. Mr Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Sociology and Political Science, Dragvoll, 7491 Trondheim, Norway E-mail: stigarve@ntnu.no 00477-355-1133 Stig Arve S\u00e6ther are associate professor in sport science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. His\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Coaching"","img":{"alt_text":"Table 1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Table1.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":285,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/book-review-the-columbus-panhandles-a-complete-history-of-pro-footballs-toughest-team\/","url_meta":{"origin":247,"position":3},"title":"Book Review: The Columbus Panhandles: A Complete History of Pro Football\u2019s Toughest Team, 1900-1922","date":"March 14, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Reviewed by: David Gargone The Panhandles, a professional football team known for its toughness and athleticism, was established from workers in the Pennsylvania Railroad shops out of Columbus, Ohio. The Columbus Panhandles had its first documented season in 1901. The team played through the beginning of the 1920\u2019s. Longtime manager\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2030,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-games-approach-and-high-school-football\/","url_meta":{"origin":247,"position":4},"title":"The Games Approach and High School Football","date":"July 24, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Luke Nielsen Luke Nielsen is an educator and strength and conditioning coach at Saint Ansgar High School in Saint Ansgar, Iowa.\u00a0 He received his Master of Sports Science degree from the United States Sports Academy, and is currently pursuing a terminal degree through the Academy. ABSTRACT Purpose: This\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6242,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/study-on-professional-football-players-factors-in-recovery-and-preparation-and-performance-markers-during-scheduled-training-session\/","url_meta":{"origin":247,"position":5},"title":"Study on professional football players – factors in recovery and preparation and performance markers during scheduled training session","date":"January 17, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Authors:Tatyana Dzimbova, Hristo Nikolov, Radoslav Mavrevski, Stefan Kapralov Corresponding Author:Assoc. prof. Tatyana Dzimbova, PhD66 Ivan Michailov Str.Blagoevgrad, 2700 Bulgariatania_dzimbova@abv.bg+359898939285 Study on professional football players - factors in recovery and preparation and performance markers during scheduled training session ABSTRACT Purpose. The purpose of the present study is to estimate if the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"Figure 1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Fig-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=247"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2670,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247\/revisions\/2670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}