{"id":229,"date":"2006-03-07T16:51:14","date_gmt":"2006-03-07T22:51:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-03-27T11:37:32","modified_gmt":"2015-03-27T16:37:32","slug":"gender-age-and-race-as-predictors-of-sports-viewing-behavior-of-sport-management-undergraduates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/gender-age-and-race-as-predictors-of-sports-viewing-behavior-of-sport-management-undergraduates\/","title":{"rendered":"Gender, Age, and Race as Predictors of Sports-Viewing Behavior of Sport Management Undergraduates"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Ashley K. Gibson & Dan Drane<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/p>\n

In what has traditionally been a white male-dominated industry,
\nthere are a growing number of females and minorities assuming the position
\nof sport manager. This trend is attributed to increasing opportunities
\nfor female and minority participation in sport organizations at various
\nlevels. Such levels include recreational, interscholastic, collegiate,
\nand professional athletic involvement. It should be noted that coaching
\nand management opportunities are also increasing. The purpose of this
\nstudy was to determine which, if any, demographic variables of age, gender,
\nor race could significantly predict the frequency of viewing behaviors
\nof sport-related media for undergraduate sport management students. Based
\nupon the literature, credibility in a sport management role can be increased
\nthrough sport-related media consumption. Fifty-five students in the undergraduate
\nsport management program at a research extensive university in the Southeastern
\nUnited States participated in the study. The instrument, constructed by
\nthe researchers, was a sixteen question survey. Using multiple linear
\nregression analyses, only one predictor, gender, was found to have a statistically
\nsignificant impact upon the frequency of viewing sport-related media (sport
\nnetworks). The predictors of age and race were not found to be significant.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

\u201cPrint, radio, television, the Internet: When
\nit comes to Americans\u2019 media consumption, it seems just about anything
\ngoes.\u201d<\/em>
\nPamela Paul, Targeting Boomers<\/p>\n

Due to changes in education as well as the ever-changing ethnic demographic
\nof America, entertainment interests have changed, particularly with sport
\nprogramming (Paul, 2003). The latest U.S. Census Report indicates there
\nare 38.8 million Hispanics living in America and have replaced African-Americans
\nas America\u2019s largest racial minority. Numerous studies have been
\nconducted to address the parallel between demographics and media viewing
\nbehaviors, however research results are still inconclusive (Jack, 1999).<\/p>\n

Where much of the media in the past was consumed by males, the trend
\nis changing. In fact, women have significantly higher levels of television
\nexposure than their male counterparts (Besley & Shanahan, 2003). In
\nregard to sport programming, the number of female viewers (who watch television)
\nis substantial. Recent studies have indicated that women have an increasing
\ninterest in sport events (Shachar & Emerson, 2000).<\/p>\n

Women place more importance on personal gratification exemplified by
\nsuch things as a comfortable life, pleasure, and happiness, which in turn
\nis conducive to an increase in their television viewing habits. According
\nto McCarty & Shrum (1993), \u201cfemales may perceive a certain amount
\nof fulfillment of personal gratification through television viewing\u201d
\n(p. 92). Men on the other hand, do not find fulfillment of such values
\nas a comfortable life, etc. in watching television (McCarty & Shrum,
\n1993). Men tend to be more regular readers of newspapers than women (Besley
\nand Shanahan, 2003). Men have a tendency to obtain information (including
\nsports) from newspapers as it is a medium that is seen to produce the
\nmost reliable information (Hudson, 2001).<\/p>\n

In regard to age and media, research and surveys conducted by Neilsen
\nMedia Research reveal that households headed by people between the ages
\nof thirty-five and fifty-four comprise 40 percent of all households (Paul,
\n2003). Furthermore, while much television is targeted to the youth market,
\nadults between the ages of thirty-five and sixty-four spend an average
\nof 248 minutes a day watching television. This is 22 minutes more a day,
\non average, than adults eighteen to thirty-four (Paul, 2003). \u201cIn
\ngeneral, television viewership increases with age\u201d (p. 25).<\/p>\n

The Baby Boomer generation is comprised of 78 million Americans (Paul,
\n2003). Considering this, many media outlets are consumed by them. \u201cRadio
\nis more common to the Baby Boomer generation\u201d (p. 26). For the younger
\ngeneration, \u201cradio may seem old-school\u201d (p. 26) and therefore
\nis not considered a substantial outlet for information.<\/p>\n

Regarding the Internet, \u201cadults ages 35 \u2013 54 spend more time
\nonline than any other demographic group\u201d (Paul, 2003, p. 26). In
\naddition to this group being online, many go on the Internet more than
\none time a day, with an average of 22.2 days per month versus an average
\nof 15.2 days per month for 18-24 year olds (Paul, 2003). Fifty-seven percent
\nof Baby Boomers have access at work, compared with 45 percent of all adults;
\n69 percent of Baby Boomers have access at home compared with 64 percent
\nof adults overall (Paul, 2003). Nevertheless, according to the DDB Life
\nStyle Study, 74 percent of adults younger than Baby Boomers believe that
\n\u201cthe Internet is the best place to get information\u201d (p. 26)
\nand sports is included in this mix.<\/p>\n

In the case of print, a study conducted by the National Opinion Research
\nCenter found that 75 percent of those who are aged 65 to 74 read the newspaper
\non a daily basis, compared with 42 percent of the total population (Polyak,
\n2000). As far as television viewing is concerned, the same study found
\nthat 33 percent of those 75 and older watch five or more hours of television
\na day on a regular basis, which is more than any other age group (Polyak,
\n2000).<\/p>\n

Much of the media is targeted toward youth. A study that analyzed surveys
\nand interviews from 8-17 year olds found that at least 61 percent of children
\nnow have a television in their bedroom (Yin, 2004). Seventeen percent
\nof these children have their own personal computer (Yin, 2004). Regarding
\nsports and youth, extreme sports have produced the greatest gains in children\u2019s
\nsport consumption. (American Demographics, 2001).<\/p>\n

Young girls tend to favor sports in which other females participate.
\nGirls are twice as likely as boys to watch women\u2019s basketball (American
\nDemographics, 2001). Eighty-eight percent of girls like watching the Olympics
\nwith gymnastics and ice skating comprising 78 percent of girls\u2019
\ninterest (American Demographics, 2001). Interestingly, football and basketball
\nmade the list of interest among girls with 68 percent and 67 percent respectively
\n(American Demographics, 2001).<\/p>\n

In contrast, 89 percent of boys tend to be interested in football (American
\nDemographics, 2001). Twice as many boys as girls enjoy watching boxing
\n(American Demographics, 2001). Soccer is the one sport that appeared to
\nbe relatively equal among boys and girls (American Demographics, 2001).<\/p>\n

In regard to race and media, \u201cpeople may work together during the
\nday, but at night they\u2019re immersed in their own culture\u201d (Weissman,
\n1999, p. 16). The different television habits among blacks and whites
\ncontinue to be vastly different. However, although differences in viewing
\npatterns continue among blacks and whites, the gap is closing. Sports
\nviewing appears to be a vehicle for closing this gap. Programs such as
\nMonday Night Football are shown to have similarities in viewing patterns
\namong racial groups (Weisman, 1996). In regard to television, blacks watch
\n40 percent more than whites, although this gap too is narrowing (Weisman,
\n1996).<\/p>\n

As the Hispanic population in America is growing, it is particularly
\nimportant to note their media viewing patterns. Marketers have recently
\ntaken interest in this ethnic group and the question remains whether English-or
\nSpanish-language programming provides the best vehicle for reaching Hispanics.
\nStudies indicate that many Hispanics prefer programs that reflect the
\nfirst language in which they learned to speak (Mogelonsky, 1995). Print
\nmedia are used less frequently by Hispanics. On average, they (Hispanics)
\nspend 36 minutes a day reading newspapers, while bilingual Hispanics only
\ndevote about 12 minutes a day reading newspapers (Mogelonsky, 1995).<\/p>\n

\u201cThe average Latino watches 58.6 hours of television per week,
\nwhich is 4.4 hours more than the typical non-Hispanic viewer\u201d (Fetto,
\n2002, p. 14). It has been noted, according to research studies, that \u201cHispanics
\nare passionately devoted to their Spanish-language television networks\u201d
\n(p. 14). However, Hispanics turn to English-language television for what
\nthey cannot get in Spanish (Fetto, 2002). Many sports attract the greatest
\nnumber of Hispanic viewers to the six major English networks, \u201cperhaps
\nbecause these programs are virtually nonexistent in the Spanish-language
\nstations\u201d (p. 15).<\/p>\n

While television continues to be the media of choice for Hispanics, newsmagazines
\nare becoming increasingly popular among this group (Fetto, 2002); however,
\nprint has been traditionally viewed as a challenging medium (Hudson, 2001).
\nThis is due, in part to the splintered audience of the American population,
\nand no single form of print media can reach everyone (Fetto, 2002).<\/p>\n

The country of origin and media usage varies for Latinos. For example,
\nCubans read, listen, and watch about 7.4 hours of media a day. Dominicans
\nspend 10.7 hours a day with media, followed by Central and South Americans
\nat 10.4 hours a day. Puerto Ricans spend 10.3 hours a day with media,
\nwhile Mexicans spend 9.2 hours (Mogelonsky, 1995). Interestingly, Central-American
\nHispanics watch the most television, while Cubans spend the most time
\nreading print materials (Mogelonsky, 1995). Listening to the radio and
\nreading newspapers are the media of choice for Dominicans (Mogelonsky,
\n1995).<\/p>\n

This study considers which, if any, demographic variables of age, gender,
\nand race significantly predict the frequency of viewing behaviors of sport-related
\nmedia among undergraduate sport management students. It is hypothesized
\nthat the demographic variables are significant in predicting viewing behaviors.<\/p>\n

Method<\/p>\n

Participants
\nFifty-five students in the undergraduate sport management program at a
\nresearch extensive university in the Southeastern United States participated
\nin the study. The sample was made up of 15 females (27.3%) and 37 males
\n(67.3%). 83.6% were between the ages of 21-25. 30.9% were black, 65.5%
\nwere white, and 3.6% were classified as other. 66.7% earned less than
\n$15,000 a year. Students were selected by the researchers as they were
\nrepresentative of the sport management undergraduate program population.<\/p>\n

Materials
\nThe instrument, constructed by the researchers, was a sixteen question
\nsurvey. It was reviewed by a panel of experts for face validity. The approximate
\ntime given to complete the survey was between 10 to 15 minutes. The content
\nquestions addressed the students\u2019 perceptions on: the importance
\nof reading and viewing sport-related media in obtaining future job roles
\nas sport administrators, whether prior or current knowledge of a sport
\nissue has enhanced academic performance, whether credibility is increased
\namong peers if they engage in consistent viewing or reading of sports
\nmedia, whether current knowledge of the athletic industry will assist
\nin making future business decisions, whether staying current on athletic
\ntrends can potentially enhance business relationships, whether sports
\nmedia outlets are able to contribute to overall professionalism, and the
\nimportance for peers to be knowledgeable on current athletic trends. In
\naddition, the survey was divided into two categories: 1. reading behaviors
\nof sport media, which addressed the amount of time spent on Internet resources,
\njournal articles, magazine articles, newspaper articles, and books. 2.
\nviewing behaviors of sport media, which addressed the amount of time spent
\nwatching sport movies, sport networks, local sport coverage, and national
\nsport coverage.<\/p>\n

The answers to these content questions were based on a five-point
\nLikert type scale, with a rating of one indicating strongly agree and
\na rating of five indicating strongly disagree. The frequency of viewing
\nand reading behaviors were also based on a five-point Likert type scale,
\nwith a rating of one indicating never and a rating of five indicating
\nalways.<\/p>\n

The researchers assessed the internal reliability of the
\nsurvey. The resulting Cronbach’s alpha of .626 (after the variable \u201cjournal
\narticle\u201d was deleted from the survey) demonstrates that the survey
\nwas acceptably reliable.<\/p>\n

Procedures
\nThe researchers obtained approval from the university\u2019s Institutional
\nReview Board. Students signed forms stating that their participation in
\nthe study was voluntary. Permission from the students\u2019 instructors
\nwas also obtained. Students were given a survey to complete at the beginning
\nof class, after a brief description of the study. Ten to fifteen minutes
\nwas given to complete the survey. No students required any type of accommodation
\nin completing the survey.<\/p>\n

Prior to running the statistical analyses, the researchers
\ndetermined that the predictors of age, race, and gender should be recoded
\nas effect-coded variables since they are categorical.<\/p>\n

Results<\/p>\n

Standard multiple linear regression analyses were conducted
\nto see which, if any, of the demographic variables could significantly
\npredict the frequency of viewing behaviors of sport-related media.<\/p>\n

Thirty-six usable surveys were included in the statistical
\nanalyses. The mean indicates that the participants on average view sport
\nnetworks approximately 4 times a week (Table 1).<\/p>\n

Table 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sport Network Viewing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMean<\/td>\nStandard Deviation<\/td>\nSample Size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sport Networks<\/td>\n4.41<\/td>\n.84<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

It was indicated that there was a significant correlation among gender
\nand sport networks with a p<.05. The Pearson Correlation is r=-.624.
\nThe direction of this relationship indicates that females on average,
\nview fewer sport networks per week than males. Furthermore this r value
\nindicates a strong relationship between the two variables. No other variables
\nwere significant with a p< .05 (Table 2).<\/p>\n

Table 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Correlations between demographics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Subscale<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Sport Networks<\/td>\n—<\/td>\n.000*<\/td>\n.271<\/td>\n.073<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Gender<\/td>\n<\/td>\n—<\/td>\n.297<\/td>\n.233<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Age<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n—<\/td>\n.451<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Race<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n—<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* p<.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The multiple correlation coefficient (R) is .65 and the multiple coefficient
\nof determination (R squared) is .35. This indicates that 35.2% of the
\nvariance is accounted for in the summary. The Durbin Watson statistic
\nis between 1.5 and 2.5, which suggest normality. The linear combination
\nof predictors are significant: F(4,35)=5.758, p<.05 (Table 3)<\/p>\n

Table 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Analysis of Variance for Gender<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Source<\/td>\ndf<\/td>\nF<\/td>\np<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gender<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n5.758<\/td>\n.001*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Within<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n.458<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* p<.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Discussion<\/p>\n

The researchers investigated which, if any, of the demographic variables
\nof age, race, and gender significantly predicted the frequency of viewing
\nbehaviors of sport-related media. The dependant variable, \u201cfrequency
\nof viewing behaviors\u201d was comprised of six behaviors that were representative
\nof both reading and viewing behaviors of sport media. The behaviors included
\nsport networks, sport movies, Internet resources, books, newspaper articles,
\nand magazine articles. Only one behavior, \u201csport networks\u201d
\nwas found to have any statistical significance. As stated earlier, the
\nanalysis found that only one predictor, \u201cgender\u201d was statistically
\nsignificant in predicting the frequency of viewing sport networks among
\nthe sample.<\/p>\n

The sample size was relatively small, thus increasing the likelihood
\nof a Type II error in determining that most predictors did not have a
\nsignificant effect on the frequency of viewing sport-related media. The
\nstudy targeted undergraduate sport management students at one southeastern
\nuniversity, thus reducing the pool of participants. Future recommendations
\nwould include expanding the sample size by targeting multiple universities
\nwith similar undergraduate programs. Also, the sample size could be expanded
\nby targeting graduate students in sport management programs at other universities.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, the sample was relatively homogeneous in nature; most participants
\nwere between the ages of 21-25. Another consideration is that homogeneity
\nexisted in regard to all of the participants being enrolled in a sport
\nmanagement program; it can be assumed that an interest in sports is the
\nnorm. The study could again be expanded by targeting other students in
\nprograms that are non-sport related. Perhaps a comparative analysis could
\nbe conducted to determine the differences in viewing behaviors of sport
\nmanagement students and non-sport management students.<\/p>\n

Regarding the survey, the breadth of questions could be expanded to increase
\nreliability as well as provide more meaningful insight to the study. The
\nuse of focus groups could also be helpful in determining the researchers\u2019
\ninterest in the factors that contribute to viewing sport media.<\/p>\n

The survey questionnaire also revealed that the juxtaposition of reading
\nand viewing sports-related media is conducive to credibility in the sports
\nindustry. Research studies indicate that education is a factor in determining
\nthe frequency of viewing media in general; it can be surmised that sport
\nmanagers are well-educated, thus increasing their engagement in consuming
\nsport-related media. Future studies could focus on the perceived credibility
\nof sport administrators who engage regularly in sport media consumption.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

American Demographics (2001, October). Good sports-children\u2019s interest
\nin sports vary.
\nRetrieved April 12, 2004, from American Demographics Web site:
\nhttp:\/\/www.adage.com\/section.cms?sectionId=195.<\/p>\n

Besley, J., & Shanahan, J. (2004). Skepticism about media effects
\nconcerning the
\nenvironment: Examining Lomborg\u2019s hypotheses. Society and Natural<\/p>\n

Resources, 17, 861-880.<\/p>\n

Fetto, J. (2003). Me gusta TV. American Demographics, 24(11). Retrieved
\nMay 7, 2005
\nFrom EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Hudson, E.D., & Fitzgerald, M., (2001). Capturing audience requires
\na dragnet.
\nAmerican Demographics, 134(41). Retrieved May 1, 2005 from EBSCO Business<\/p>\n

Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Jack, C., (1999, September). Viewing motivations and implications in
\nthe new media
\nenvironment: Postulation of a model of media orientations. American Education
\nJournalism Conference. 4(36). Retrieved April 12, 2005, from AEJMC archives
\nWeb site: http:\/\/list.msu.edu\/cgi-gin\/wa?=ind9900d&L.<\/p>\n

McCarty, J., & Shrum, L.J., (1993). The role of personal values and
\ndemographics
\nin predicting television viewing behavior: Implications for theory and<\/p>\n

application. Journal of Advertising, 22(4). Retrieved May 1, 2005 from
\nEBSCO
\nBusiness Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Mogelonsky, M., (1995). First language comes first. American Demographics,
\n17(10).
\nRetrieved May 1, 2005 from EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Paul, P., (2003). Targeting boomers. American Demographics, 25(2). Retrieved
\nMay1,
\n2005 from EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Polyak, I., (2000). The center of attention. American Demographics, 22(11).
\nRetrieved
\nMay 1, 2005 from EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Shacher, R., & Emerson, J., (2000). Cast demographics, unobserved
\nsegments, and
\nheterogeneous switching costs in a television viewing choice model.
\nJournal of Marketing Research, 37(2). Retrieved May 1, 2005 from EBSCO
\nBusiness Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Weissman, R., (1999). Different strokes. American Demographics, 21(5).
\nRetrieved
\nMay 1, 2005 from EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n

Yin, S., (2004). Kiddy clickers. American Demographics, 26(1). Retrieved
\nMay 1,
\n2005 from EBSCO Business Source Elite Database.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Submitted by: Ashley K. Gibson & Dan Drane<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/p>\n

In what has traditionally been a white male-dominated industry,
\n there are a growing number of females and minorities assuming the position
\n of sport manager. This trend is attributed to increasing opportunities
\n for female and minority participation in sport organizations at various
\n levels. Such levels include recreational, interscholastic, collegiate,
\n and professional athletic involvement. It should be noted that coaching
\n and management opportunities are also increasing. The purpose of this
\n study was to determine which, if any, demographic variables of age, gender,
\n or race could significantly predict the frequency of viewing behaviors
\n of sport-related media for undergraduate sport management students. Based
\n upon the literature, credibility in a sport management role can be increased
\n through sport-related media consumption. Fifty-five students in the undergraduate
\n sport management program at a research extensive university in the Southeastern
\n United States participated in the study. The instrument, constructed by
\n the researchers, was a sixteen question survey. Using multiple linear
\n regression analyses, only one predictor, gender, was found to have a statistically
\n significant impact upon the frequency of viewing sport-related media (sport
\n networks). The predictors of age and race were not found to be significant.\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[290,291,296,294],"tags":[8,70,72,31],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-3H","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":71,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/ioc-culture-and-olympic-education-forum-thesis-on-culture\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":0},"title":"IOC Culture and Olympic Education Forum : Thesis on Culture and Olympism","date":"February 13, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Dr. Ren Hai In the human species individuals are born cultureless. Ancient Greeks successfully used sport in building up their brilliant civilizations. Impacts of culture and education on sport are undeniable. Sport is not only the exalting of physical activities. \"To place everywhere sport at the service of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports History"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":118,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/student-fundraising-at-beijing-university-of-physical-education\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":1},"title":"Student Fundraising at Beijing University of Physical Education – A Practical Experience for Chinese Sports Management Students","date":"February 14, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Reginald F. Overton, Ed.D. ABSTRACT With the dramatic economic changes taking place in China there is a move to promote sports and the sports industry through individual and corporate support. Curriculum must be established on the university level to accommodate these needs. The purpose of this research was\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Facilities"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":263,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/book-review-2006-sports-market-place-directory\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":2},"title":"Book Review: 2006 Sports Market Place Directory","date":"March 14, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Glaucio Scremin The sports industry is a multifaceted, multibillion dollar industry. It encompasses a wide range of business segments, from sporting goods to stadium and arena construction. The 2006 Sports Market Place Directory brings a multiplicity of sports industry sectors together into the most comprehensive index of sport\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":75,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/ioc-culture-and-olympic-education-forum-introduction\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":3},"title":"IOC Culture and Olympic Education Forum : Introduction","date":"February 13, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Juan Antonia Samaranch Since its origins, the Olympic Movement has always wished to associate the movements of sport with the thought processes linked to cultural activity, be it sculpture, paintings, literature, music or architecture. At the start of the third millennium, this desire clearly remains as relevant as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports History"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":69,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/ioc-culture-and-olympic-education-forum-how-do-young-people\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":4},"title":"IOC Culture and Olympic Education Forum : How do young people today see Art and Olympism?","date":"February 13, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Prof. Norbert M\u00fcller Since Seoul 1998, our research group at the University of Mainz has examined, inter alia, how the ideas of Coubertin and the Olympic Games are reflected int hee experience of young people. In addition to the philosophical interpretation and educational application of Olympism, art, with\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports History"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":312,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/factors-affecting-attendance-at-bowl-games-during-the-bcs-era\/","url_meta":{"origin":229,"position":5},"title":"Factors Affecting Attendance at Bowl Games During the BCS Era","date":"July 7, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Kelly E. Flanagan, M.S.S., D.S.M. - United States Sports Academy Abstract","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Management"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=229"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":978,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229\/revisions\/978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}