{"id":225,"date":"2006-01-07T11:38:16","date_gmt":"2006-01-07T17:38:16","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2017-04-18T08:56:29","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T13:56:29","slug":"hazing-in-sports-the-effects-and-legal-ramifications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/hazing-in-sports-the-effects-and-legal-ramifications\/","title":{"rendered":"Hazing in Sports: The Effects and Legal Ramifications"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Alyson R. Peluso<\/div>\n

All across the United States each year many individuals make the conscious
\ndecision to try out for interscholastic athletic teams in the hopes of
\nbeing part of something great. These individuals also understand that
\nprior to the last cut; they will need to sacrifice time, energy and social
\ngatherings to make the team successful. However, what many of these individuals
\ndo not recognize and understand is that try-outs don\u2019t always end
\nwhen the last cut is made and the final team list is posted. In recent
\nyears, an old, but very much alive problem has begun to resurface in sports,
\nand that is the issue of humiliating and victimizing rookie athletes through
\nhazing rituals. These horrible acts leave victims debilitated in many
\ncapacities, and such practices break down the institution of sport which
\nhas been noted for building such positive character qualities as strength,
\ndiscipline, and a strong work ethic.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Purpose <\/em><\/p>\n

With that being said, the purpose of this paper is to identify, discuss,
\nand analyze how hazing rituals among athletes affect athletics at both
\nthe high school and collegiate level. Using current research and statistical
\ninformation, I will attempt to explain how hazing affects both athletes
\nand the culture of the institution at hand. More specifically the following
\ntopics will be addressed: what is hazing; types of hazing that exist;
\nwhen, where, and how does hazing occur; the legal ramifications of hazing;
\nproblems presented for the victim; and lastly, the barriers that exist
\nto hazing.<\/p>\n

Thesis <\/em><\/p>\n

In what capacity does hazing play a role in athletics at both the high
\nschool and collegiate level within a program? And, to what degree does
\nit affect the sport culture within the institution at hand? Both of these
\nquestions deserve further investigation and understanding so that those
\nwho work to maintain the integrity of sport can continue to do so.<\/p>\n

Review of Literature<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hazing <\/em><\/p>\n

What is hazing?<\/em> To begin, because hazing is such a broad term
\ncovering a variety of situations it is easily noted that an assortment
\nof definitions exist. However, for that same reason it is important that
\none look to a definition that covers a variety of situations on a variety
\nof levels. With that being said, Mothers Against School Hazing (2005),
\nalso known as MASH, has done a great deal of research to develop a definition
\nthat attempts to cover all areas of hazing. According to MASH (2005),<\/p>\n

\u2026hazing is a broad term encompassing any action or activity which
\ndoes not<\/p>\n

contribute to the positive development of a person; which inflicts or
\nintends to<\/p>\n

cause physical or mental harm or anxieties; which may demean, degrade
\nor<\/p>\n

disgrace any person regardless of location, intent or consent of participants\u2026any<\/p>\n

action or situation which intentionally or unintentionally endangers
\na student for<\/p>\n

admission into or affiliation with any student organization.<\/p>\n

Although this definition does an excellent job at defining the acts that
\nconstitute hazing, the problem lies in the fact that many believe that
\ninitiation and hazing are two separate things, and that initiation is
\nokay even though in many situations it constitutes hazing.<\/p>\n

Difference between initiation and hazing.<\/em> While it may be true
\nthat not all initiation involves hazing, all hazing is done as an initiation;
\nand because of this there is no real difference between the two terms.
\nAccording to the Webster\u2019s Dictionary (1995) initiation is, \u201cto
\nadmit as a member into a fraternity or club, etc., esp. with a special
\nor secret ceremony.\u201d Although basic in its definition, initiation
\naims to accomplish the same thing as hazing does, admit a member into
\na group. Unfortunately, the problem with this definition is that it limits
\nitself by omitting the fact that it does not say that the ceremonies are
\ngood, nor are they bad. It is in that fact that many who agree with hazing
\nfind their loophole. Those who choose to support that hazing is right
\nof passage because it falls under an incomplete definition of initiation
\nare allowing for inappropriate and violent acts to continue at staggering
\nnumbers.<\/p>\n

How often does hazing occur?<\/em> With that being said, how often
\ndo such acts of deviance occur? It would be nice to say that such behaviors
\nare few and far between, but unfortunately that is not the case. In research
\nconducted by Alfred University, acts of hazing were seen in high numbers
\nfrom the middle school level through the collegiate level (Bushweller,
\n2000). According to this research, eight out of ten athletes had been
\nsubjected to hazing during college; more than four out of every ten athletes
\nhad been subjected to some form of hazing during high school; and lastly,
\nat least one out every twenty athletes faced acts of hazing during their
\nmiddle school years. These numbers are staggering, but what is more staggering
\nis the fact that these numbers may not be the true depiction of how many
\nathletes are actually hazed. Many fail to report incidents of hazing because
\nof embarrassment, possible repercussions following a report, and feelings
\nof guilt that the incident was their fault. Therefore, it is very difficult
\nto understand why so many acts occur. However, through more detailed research
\nwe may be able to get a better understanding why this behavior continues
\nat such high numbers by evaluating the characteristics and cultures that
\nperpetuate acts of hazing.<\/p>\n

Characteristics of people who haze.<\/em> In order to understand where
\nwe are now with hazing it is important to understand where such behaviors
\nbegan. It would be nice to say that this is a new problem that needs to
\nbe fixed, but unfortunately hazing is a problem that has been able to
\nendure centuries of time. Beginning in fourth century Carthage, it was
\nnoted that students taunted and bullied incoming freshman as an initiation
\ninto the ancient learning environments. And, later in the Middle Ages,
\nit was recorded that first year students at universities were forced to
\ndrink urine and endure skin scrapings as the initiation into university
\n(Rosellini, 2000). So where are we today and are there characteristics
\nspecific to those who initiate hazing rituals?<\/p>\n

According to current research, hazing practices of today do not vary
\nmuch from the past and nor do the reasons why individuals haze. Often
\ntimes it can be theorized that the hazer will have an aggressive disposition,
\nstruggles with power relationships and uses violence as an outlet (Nestor,
\n2000). In addition to this, a person who is involved in hazing other individuals
\nwill often times lack self-esteem, is searching for meaning in their own
\nlife, and lastly is seeking retaliation on someone else for their own
\ndisplaced emotions of hazing incidents that they may have had to endure
\n(Nestor, 2000).<\/p>\n

Even though it is unclear why people may haze, it is very clear according
\nto research that the problem is getting worse. Whether hazing occurs because
\nof character traits or the surrounding cultures, hazing has been able
\nto reach grotesque levels and because of this, three types of hazing categories
\nhave been identified.<\/p>\n

Types of Hazing <\/em><\/p>\n

Types of hazing.<\/em> Since a variety of hazing rituals have been
\nrecorded it is essential that such acts be categorized based on the severity
\nof the incident. According to research (MASH, 2005) three categories exist
\nto identify and define the different levels of hazing. The three categories
\nare, starting with the least debilitating: subtle hazing, harassment hazing,
\nand bodily harm hazing. However, to fully understand what each of these
\ncategories represent we must look at each of them individually.<\/p>\n

To begin, let\u2019s first examine subtle hazing. According to MASH
\n(2005) subtle hazing is,<\/p>\n

\u2026actions that are against accepted and organization standards
\nof conduct,<\/p>\n

behavior and good taste. An activity or attitude directed toward a student
\nor an act which ridicules, humiliates, and\/or embarrasses.<\/p>\n

When an individual is forced to endure subtle hazing, he or she is enduring
\nthe least debilitating form of hazing. However, although the examples
\nfound under this umbrella may seem childish, the emotional effects on
\nthe victim can be very costly. Some examples of subtle hazing may include
\nand are not limited to, ostracizing an individual from the group, calling
\nan individual names and\/or depriving an individual certain privileges.
\nAlthough this may seem insignificant, forcing an individual to endure
\nthese behaviors or situations does, in fact, constitute hazing.<\/p>\n

Next, is harassment hazing. Again, according to MASH (2005), harassment
\nhazing,<\/p>\n

\u2026is anything that causes anguish or physical discomfort to a student\u2026any
\nactivity or activity directed toward a student or activity which confuses,
\nfrustrates or causes undue stress.<\/p>\n

In the realms of hazing this is the midway point between non-aggressive
\nand aggressive forms of exploitation of individuals. In harassment hazing
\nthe victim may be forced to endure verbal abuse, they may have to wear
\nridiculous clothing, do stunts or skits of lewd and crude nature, and\/or
\nanswer questions while in a sexual stance with another individual. All
\nof these acts may result in emotional distress for the victim; they may
\nconstitute sexual harassment if charges were to be filed. All in all,
\nthis form of harassment can be very debilitating.<\/p>\n

Lastly, is bodily harm hazing which is the most offensive of the three
\ncategories of hazing. Bodily harm hazing is defined as,<\/p>\n

\u2026any form of action that may cause physical punishment, or any
\naction that may cause bodily harm and\/or touching in private places and\/or
\nde-clothing of a student (2005).<\/p>\n

When an individual is forced to take part in a hazing ritual that uses
\nthis form of harassment he or she may be subjected to such rituals as,
\nbeing hit\/punched\/kicked with or without an object, performing or pretending
\nto perform a sexual act towards another, being sodomized, or drinking
\nuntil they vomit or pass out. Of the three categories of hazing this category
\nis the most severe. Many of the rituals found in this category constitute
\ncriminal acts which will hold up in court if the evidence is available.<\/p>\n

The three categories of hazing leave no room for someone to say that
\nthey are at all acceptable. No matter what category one examines, the
\ndefinition clearly shows that one individual is subordinate to another.
\nAnd, whether it is a male or female who initiates these rituals the reality
\nof the situation is that these rituals are wrong and hazing knows no gender.<\/p>\n

Hazing: A male or female issue? <\/em>As mentioned earlier hazing
\nknows no gender. Unfortunately many would like to believe that such barbaric
\nacts could not be committed by females, but the truth of the matter is
\nthat hazing is seen with both males and females. According to research
\ndone by Alfred University (1999), when looking at the variety of hazing
\nincidents that are conducted, women usually lag behind the men with the
\nsame situation by about five to eight percentage points on the average.
\nFor example, when examining acts that fall under harassment hazing the
\namount of men involved constituted 68% while women involved amounted to
\n63%. This is proof that hazing is not a gender issue, but that it is an
\nissue that must be examined more closely as a sport issue on the whole.<\/p>\n

Since we are able to conclude based on the research data that this is
\na sport issue, we must further examine when and where such incidents are
\nable to occur.<\/p>\n

Hazing in the Media <\/em><\/p>\n

High school hazing.<\/em> As we have noted throughout the paper,
\nhazing is not an issue to be taken lightly. It knows no boundaries as
\nto when and where it will happen and it is not gender sensitive. And,
\nfor those reasons in recent years more and more headlines have surfaced
\nabout hazing situations within academic institutions. So in order to fully
\nunderstand the dynamics of how much of an impact hazing has had on high
\nschool athletics and individuals we must examine a few examples.<\/p>\n

First, one of the most notable cases took place on Long Island, New York
\nat Mepham High School. This case involved the boy\u2019s varsity and
\njunior varsity football teams where the defendants engaged in a category
\nthree hazing incident, bodily harm hazing. In this situation three varsity
\nfootball players were charged with sodomizing three younger J.V. players
\n(Weir, 2003). The three boys who led the hazing attacks were later charged
\nas minors on counts of aggravated assault and involuntary deviate sexual
\nintercourse. In addition to this, the coaches were fired from their coaching
\npositions for allowing previously known behaviors to spiral out of control.<\/p>\n

Although these individuals were held accountable and given a sentence
\nin juvenile detention, the sentence for the victims was far worse. In
\nthis situation the boys who endured the acts of sodomy have life sentences.
\nFor one of the boys, he will have to go through numerous surgeries, another
\nhas had to face continuous taunting from peers, and lastly, all three
\nof them have to live each day knowing that this type of situation could
\nhave been prevented if the coaches had listened to the warnings prior
\nto camp that harassment by older players towards younger players had begun.
\nAll in all, if the warning signs were taken seriously this incident may
\nhave been preventable (Smith, 2003).<\/p>\n

Another example of hazing that received a great deal of publicity in
\nhigh school athletics took place in Northbrook, a small suburb of Chicago,
\nIllinois. Unlike the previous example, this one explores the hazing rituals
\nof females. In this situation approximately twenty-eight girls and four
\nboys were involved in the annual powder puff football game where senior
\ngirls turned a fun event into a violent attack on junior females (Kelly,
\n2003). In this instance, the brutal attack was videotaped. The annual
\nPowder Puff game was an unsanctioned school affair where senior girls
\ninitiate junior girls for reasons that were undisclosed.<\/p>\n

The nightmarish incident was not part of a sanctioned event and the students
\ninvolved only received a ten day suspension; the harshest possible sentence
\naccording to the superintendent (Heyman, Sandler, & Williams, 2003).
\nAgain, much like the victims in the previous example above, the junior
\ngirls paid the ultimate price. One female was sent to the hospital for
\nstitches, another left with a broken ankle and yet numerous others ended
\nup with concussions all because prior warnings about hazing behaviors
\nwere not taken seriously (Heyman, Sandler, & Williams, 2003).<\/p>\n

So, with that being said, it is not surprising that such incidents have
\nhad a negative impact on school districts and athletic programs. In both
\nof these situations the school districts received a great deal of national
\nexposure for failing to prevent hazing incidents under their jurisdiction.
\nIn addition to this, entire school reputations were smeared by the actions
\nof a relatively few. In no situation does hazing bring about positive
\npublicity whether it is in high school or college.<\/p>\n

College hazing. <\/em>Unfortunately, hazing does not only occur in
\nhigh school. According to a study by Alfred University conducted in 1999,
\nnearly eighty-percent of college athletes have been hazed on one level
\nor another (Cuvelier, 2005). A number that high means that this issue
\nis very much alive in college athletics and it deserves further attention.
\nOne of the biggest college cases that sparked further legislative advancements
\nin the area of sport hazing was a case involving the University of Vermont\u2019s
\nMen\u2019s Ice Hockey Team.<\/p>\n

During this case, freshman hockey player, Corey LaTulippe was forced
\nto engage in an extreme form of hazing. When the night concluded and the
\nplayers left, LaTulippe made his own decision about his future as a member
\nof the Men\u2019s Ice Hockey Team. In the days following the incident
\nLaTulippe left school and filed a lawsuit alleging assault and battery,
\ninvasion of privacy and violation of his civil rights, his lawsuit sought
\ndamages in the amount of $275, 000 dollars (O\u2019Hara, 2000).<\/p>\n

Unlike the high school cases mentioned earlier where victims failed to
\nbenefit from the incidents, this case extended more benefits to its victim
\nand to the institution. Although LaTulippe has been left to face emotional
\nand psychological scars he was able to leave the negative environment
\nand his case had a positive impact on how the University of Vermont handles
\nhazing incidents. As a result of his lawsuit the school now requires athletes
\nto sign hazing contracts; team captains must receive leadership training
\nand the hockey team has since turned their negative initiation practices
\ninto a weekend trip of mountain climbing (Rosellini, 2000). However, making
\nchanges at one institution is only one step in the process of making legal
\nstrides in combating this issue.<\/p>\n

Legal Ramifications <\/em><\/p>\n

Hazing: A criminal case or civil case? <\/em>While it may be true
\nthat hazing is illegal in forty-three states, seven have no legislation
\nagainst it (Scott, 2004). As a result, in these seven states it is often
\ndifficult to prove that you have grounds for either a civil or criminal
\ncase. However, generally in the forty-three states that recognize hazing
\nas a crime, an individual can file both a criminal and civil case.<\/p>\n

According to James Hart and Robert Ritson of the National Association
\nfor Sport and Physical Education (2002),<\/p>\n

\u2026hazing can lead to not only state civil suits for negligence
\nbut also to federal suits alleging deprivation of rights and criminal
\ncharges\u2026in hazing cases resulting in criminal trials and civil
\nsuits that have been either decided at the trial court level or settled
\nout of court, few have been appealed\u2026<\/p>\n

With this being said, it is clear that those who are victim to a hazing
\nincident are able to hold other parties liable. However, depending on
\nthe case will decide who and to what degree parties are accountable.<\/p>\n

Who is accountable?<\/em> Although both civil and criminal charges
\ncan be filed, identifying who is to be held accountable can often times
\nbe a difficult task to accomplish from state to state. For example, in
\nGeorgia, public officers (including teachers) are entitled to immunity.
\nThus, in regards to any cause of action declared against them in their
\nprivate capacity, when sued for discretionary acts taken within the scope
\nof their employment and without actual intent to harm they are granted
\nimmunity and cannot be held accountable ( Hart & Ritson, 2002). In
\nthis type of situation it is very difficult for a plaintiff to prove a
\ncriminal case with legal grounds.<\/p>\n

However, in the same situation if a victim is able to prove that the
\nduty of supervision was ministerial in function, which is not granted
\nimmunity in Georgia, then grounds for a criminal suit may prove to be
\nmuch more successful (2002).<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, laws vary dramatically from state to state when dealing
\nwith hazing, and because of this, it is not only difficult to prove a
\ncase but it is just as difficult to prove who is accountable a given situation.
\nAs well, because hazing cases often settle out of court there have been
\nfew cases that have been able to set a precedent in recognizing who is
\naccountable for cases that may eventually unfold.<\/p>\n

What happens to individuals who haze others<\/em>? Although many hazing
\ncases are difficult to prove there have been some that have been successful
\nat the judicial level. However, what happens to the perpetrators who initiate
\nthe hazing incident depends greatly on the rules and laws of where the
\nincident took place. Research on successful cases shows the following
\nactions have been taken against defendants: removal from ones position,
\njuvenile detention, fines, monetary payment of punitive damages, termination
\nof athletic seasons, suspension from programs, and a variety of others.
\nAll in all, when hazing cases are legally proven in court for the plaintiff
\nthey carry heavy consequences for the perpetrators.<\/p>\n

Problems for the Victim <\/em><\/p>\n

What issues result for the victim?<\/em> Soon after a case is closed
\nand the defendant receives his or her sentence, the parties are able to
\ngo their separate ways. However, the case often times remains unofficially
\nopen for the victim because the emotional and psychological issues that
\nresult last long after any judgment has been finalized. According to Mothers
\nAgainst School Hazing (2005), hazing has the capacity to affect individuals
\nfor the long term in the following areas: self-esteem, self-confidence,
\nfeelings of self-worth, group unity, respect, friendship, trust, pride,
\nfamily interaction, trust with authority, and coping skills. All of these
\nare daily skills individuals need to survive. However, when a few of these
\nskills are compromised and are unable to flourish and grow as the person
\nmatures, they are left to live in a state of confusion and turmoil which
\nleaves them reliving daily the horrors of the hazing incident (2005).
\nFor that reason it is imperative that a victim of a hazing incident seek
\nthe help and support necessary to make it through the difficult time.<\/p>\n

Where to turn for help.<\/em> When an individual suffers through a
\nhazing incident and is left to deal with the many emotional and psychological
\nissues that may result, it is important that the victim seek help. Therefore,
\nit is important that an individual seek the appropriate help from those
\nwho can counsel them through the confusion and emotional scarring that
\nis left. Much like a victim of sexual assault, domestic violence, and
\nother hate crimes individuals of a hazing incident will feel the very
\nsame emotions. However, it is important that even though painful the victim
\nseek help immediately. To begin, the first person a victim should seek
\nis an adult whom he or she can trust that will believe his or her story.
\nIf that is not an option the victim should contact police enforcement
\nto file a legal complaint against the assailants. Once a complaint has
\nbeen filed the victim should attempt to seek emotional and psychological
\nsupport from a trained professional who specializes in crimes of this
\nnature. The victim needs to feel empowered to report the crime. They need
\nto seek help from individuals who are supportive and help them understand
\nthat they, in fact, are victims and not responsible for what happened
\nto them (SUNY Cortland Residential Services Staff Training, Personal Communication,
\nFall 2003).<\/p>\n

Barriers to Hazing <\/em><\/p>\n

Common barriers. <\/em>As shown throughout this paper, hazing is a
\nvery difficult issue to overcome. Whether you are dealing with the legal
\nissues, the definitions of each type of hazing, or the problems that exist
\nafter a hazing incident occurs, you must realize that hazing is a difficult
\nissue. For these exact reasons, it is easily recognizable that a variety
\nof barriers exist. However, in order to understand how to overcome such
\nbarriers we must first examine the top six barriers that exist in hazing.<\/p>\n

According to Briar College (2005), the six most recognizable barriers
\nin hazing are: denial of the problem; dismissal that hazing is harmless;
\nsilence among the victims; fear among the victims; insufficient support
\nfor the victim; and lastly, cultural norms that perceive hazing as normal.
\nAll of these barriers present a complex social problem. Therefore, because
\nof the resulting social problem, it is important that those who are empowered
\nto reduce or eliminate hazing do so.<\/p>\n

Fixing the barriers. <\/em>If one wishes to overcome the barriers
\nthat exist within any situation, then a proactive approach must be put
\ninto effect. According to a variety of researchers and non-profit organizations
\nwho are looking to defeat the issue of hazing there are a variety of tactics
\nthat can be put in place. According to the Brown University Child &
\nAdolescent Behavior Letter (2003), there are at least six steps that can
\nbe taken in overcoming the barriers that hazing presents. These six steps
\nare:<\/p>\n

\u201cEducate yourself about state anti-hazing laws; know school anti-hazing
\npolicies; collaborate with school officials and athletic departments in
\ndeveloping anti-hazing policies; talk with your children or student about
\nthe dangers of hazing; talk with other parents who may have had children
\ngo through similar or the same athletic programs as your child or student
\nmay go through; and lastly, be visible in the activities that your children
\nor students engage in.\u201d<\/p>\n

If the above steps are taken in correcting the problem of hazing, this
\nissue will soon be controllable, and fewer and fewer of the secret rituals
\nwill be possible. It is important that we support our state and federal
\ngovernments in the formation of laws that prohibit acts of hazing within
\nthe institution of sport.<\/p>\n

Laws to break the barriers.<\/em> Currently forty-three states have
\nlaws that prohibit acts of hazing. Although anti-hazing laws have been
\non the books since 1978, no state has been able to develop laws with as
\nmuch strength as those seen in Alabama. Within Alabama Law, there are
\nthree separate main definitions to identify the three major types of hazing
\nthat exist; the law accounts for bystanders who actively watch hazing
\nunfold; it identifies the offense whether misdemeanor or felony; it accounts
\nfor individuals who do not report such acts; and it attempts to cover
\nall activities that happen both on and off premises of academic institutions
\n(StopHazing.Org, 2005).<\/p>\n

Although hazing laws exist in forty-three states there is still much
\nto do in overcoming the barriers that exist. Schools must be willing to
\nwork together in developing their own anti-hazing policies. As well, on
\nall levels local, state and federal laws must be enforced and zero-tolerance
\nmust exist for those who deem hazing as an appropriate initiation. In
\ntime the barriers will be broken, and this problem will be on the decline.<\/p>\n

Summary and Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n

General Summary <\/em><\/p>\n

Effects of hazing in sports. <\/em>In conclusion, it is more than
\nclear that through discussion and analysis of this article that hazing
\nis detrimental to the institution of sport and its ability to build such
\npositive character qualities as strength, discipline, and work ethic.
\nThus, if one commits to understanding the effects that hazing has on individuals,
\nteams, institutions, and sport on the whole, then we will eventually be
\nable to transform those who think that such initiation rituals are acceptable.<\/p>\n

Alyson Peluso is pursuing her Master of Sport Science in Sports Management
\nat the United States Sports Academy. She teaches physical education at
\nLaGrange Middle School in LaGrangeville, N.Y. in one of the largest school
\ndistricts in the state. <\/em><\/p>\n

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\nworld dictionary (3 rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Hara, J. (2000, March 6). The Hell of Hazing. Maclean\u2019s<\/em>,
\n113, 50-52.<\/p>\n

Rosellini, L. (2000, September 11). The sordid side of college sports.
\nU.S. News & <\/em>World Report,<\/em> 129(10), 102-103.<\/p>\n

Scott, M. D. (2004, March 7). Childhood Hazings\u2019 Legal, but it
\nHurts. Detroit Free <\/em>Press,<\/em>n.p.<\/p>\n

Smith, R. (2003, December 22). A rite gone terribly wrong. Sports
\nIllustrated<\/em>, 99(24), 68-75<\/p>\n

State Univeristy of New York At Cortland College, (2003). Residential
\nLife Hazing Training for Resident Assistants. Personal Training.<\/p>\n

Stop Hazing Organization. (2005). Alternatives to Hazing<\/em>. Retrieved
\nNovember 19, 2005, from http:\/\/stophazing.org\/alternatives.html<\/p>\n

Weir, T. (2003, December 8). Hazing issues rears ugly head across USA.
\nUSA Today<\/em>, n.p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Submitted by: Alyson R. Peluso<\/div>\n

All across the United States each year many individuals make the conscious
\n decision to try out for interscholastic athletic teams in the hopes of
\n being part of something great. These individuals also understand that
\n prior to the last cut; they will need to sacrifice time, energy and social
\n gatherings to make the team successful. However, what many of these individuals
\n do not recognize and understand is that try-outs don’t always end
\n when the last cut is made and the final team list is posted. In recent
\n years, an old, but very much alive problem has begun to resurface in sports,
\n and that is the issue of humiliating and victimizing rookie athletes through
\n hazing rituals. These horrible acts leave victims debilitated in many
\n capacities, and such practices break down the institution of sport which
\n has been noted for building such positive character qualities as strength,
\n discipline, and a strong work ethic. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[290,291,296],"tags":[27,8,70,71],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-3D","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":71,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/ioc-culture-and-olympic-education-forum-thesis-on-culture\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":0},"title":"IOC Culture and Olympic Education Forum : Thesis on Culture and Olympism","date":"February 13, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Dr. Ren Hai In the human species individuals are born cultureless. Ancient Greeks successfully used sport in building up their brilliant civilizations. Impacts of culture and education on sport are undeniable. Sport is not only the exalting of physical activities. \"To place everywhere sport at the service of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sports History"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":312,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/factors-affecting-attendance-at-bowl-games-during-the-bcs-era\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":1},"title":"Factors Affecting Attendance at Bowl Games During the BCS Era","date":"July 7, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Kelly E. Flanagan, M.S.S., D.S.M. - United States Sports Academy Abstract","rel":"","context":"In "Sports Management"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":236,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/crowd-management-past-and-contemporary-issues\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":2},"title":"Crowd Management: Past and Contemporary Issues","date":"March 8, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Spiro G. Doukas Introduction Before the 2004 summer Olympic Games began, organizers contracted to Contemporary Services Corporation (CSC), an American company, for crowd management services. During the opening and closing ceremonies, personnel helped spectators find their seats, gave general information on the stadium and its features and helped\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":67,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/ioc-culture-and-olympic-education-forum-prejudice\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":3},"title":"IOC Culture and Olympic Education Forum : Prejudice – the link that affects both the world of culture and the world of sports,","date":"February 13, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Mrs. Maria Jo\u00e3o Seixas Let's be frank, and not fear words: cultured people\/intellectuals, are normally classed as \"boring\" or, at best, \"utopian\"; sports people, devoted to the development of excellence in physical performance, supposedly do not make much use of reason or thought processes. The power of the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":196,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-emergence-of-sport-and-spirituality-in-popular-culture\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":4},"title":"The Emergence of \u2018Sport and Spirituality\u2019 in popular culture","date":"March 3, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Ian Lawrence ABSTRACT Sports and spirituality may be an oxymoron. What could be less spiritual than \u2018big business\u2019 sports? This paper serves to review the apparent growth in \u2018spirituality\u2019 as a concept within wider society and its relevance to the world of sport. It will examine how sport\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":262,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/book-review-early-exits-the-premature-endings-of-baseball-careers\/","url_meta":{"origin":225,"position":5},"title":"Book Review: Early Exits: The Premature Endings of Baseball Careers","date":"March 14, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Reviewed by: David Gargone Early Exits: The Premature Endings of Baseball Careers examines the many obstacles that have confronted men and women in the world of professional baseball. The book highlights several career-ending incidents and supplies excerpts from those individuals affected by them. These incidents range from gambling and drug\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=225"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5099,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225\/revisions\/5099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=225"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=225"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=225"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}