{"id":222,"date":"2006-01-05T09:51:17","date_gmt":"2006-01-05T15:51:17","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-10-12T14:48:53","modified_gmt":"2016-10-12T19:48:53","slug":"salt-lake-city-2002-importance-of-the-cultural-programm-during-the-xix-olympic-winter-games-from-the-spectators-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/salt-lake-city-2002-importance-of-the-cultural-programm-during-the-xix-olympic-winter-games-from-the-spectators-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"Salt Lake City 2002: Importance of the cultural programm during the XIX. Olympic Winter Games ” from the spectators” perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Dr. Norbert Mueller, Dr. Manfred Messing, Dr. Holger Preuss, Michael Desch and Marc Buchwalder<\/div>\n

The XIX. Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City 2002 seemed to be a
\ngreat success for the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). Consequently,
\nResearch Team Olympia from the University of Mainz\/Germany had favorable
\nconditions for an empirical investigation of the spectators at the biathlon
\nvenue \u201cSoldier Hollow\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The survey investigated the interest in and image of Biathlon, the reason
\nof visiting the Games and Biathlon, the future of the Olympic Games and
\nthe cultural Olympiad. The research team Olympia did a similar survey
\nat the Sydney Olympic Games in Sydney 2000 at the Modern Pentathlon. Here
\na particular interest was given to the significance of the cultural program
\nat the Olympic Games.<\/p>\n

A total number of 1 130 spectators (45% female, 49.9% male and 5.1%
\nno answer) at the biathlon competitions answered the questionnaire. The
\nresearchers only used the time before and between the competitions (male
\n\/ female competition) for doing the survey. Most of the spectators came
\nfrom the Salt Lake City area (55.1%). From outside the USA, the tourists
\nmostly came from Germany (3.5%), Norway (2.7%), Canada (1.6%) and Sweden
\n(1.4%). Sixteen nations were represented in the survey.<\/p>\n

More than a fifth (21.3%) of the questioned were regular spectators
\nof Olympic Games, so there has been a high number of \u201cexperts\u201d
\nbeing part of the investigation. A high number of well-educated persons,
\n54% were college graduates, took part as well.<\/p>\n

Many of them were open minded for artistic forms they passed while walking
\naround the Olympic venues. So more than 28% were able to describe which
\nworks of art struck their interest. Only 12.6% said that visiting cultural
\nevents was unimportant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Visiting
\ncultural events<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
_<\/td>\nN=<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Very important<\/td>\n198<\/td>\n17.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Important<\/td>\n393<\/td>\n34.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Less important<\/td>\n308<\/td>\n27.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unimportant<\/td>\n142<\/td>\n12.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
n.a.<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n7.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In total, 44.9% of the biathlon spectators did attend a cultural event.
\nMost of them saw at least one further event. This is in fact a much higher
\nattendance of the \u201cCultural Olympiad\u201d than in Sydney 2000
\n(29%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Categories of visited
\ncultural events<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
_<\/td>\n\n

N=<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n

%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Opera\/ballet<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Museum\/exhibition\/visual arts<\/td>\n208<\/td>\n18.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Theatre<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Music\/concert<\/td>\n296<\/td>\n26.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dance (modern dance)<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n5.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Events<\/td>\n252<\/td>\n22.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Some very interesting responses resulted from the relationship between
\nthe cultural program and the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. An impressive
\nhigh amount did see coherence between sport and arts. A large percentage
\nof spectators (83.5%) agreed with the statement \u201cThe Olympic ideal
\ncombines sport and art.\u201d Just 6% denied a relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Relationship
\nbetween cultural program and the Olympic Games<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
_<\/td>\n\n

N=<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n

\n

%<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

The Olympic ideal combines sport
\nand art<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n

944<\/td>\n83.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Every Olympic athlete ought to know
\nabout Olympic history and Olympic ideals<\/td>\n		927<\/td>\n82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
It brightens up the host city<\/td>\n564<\/td>\n49.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cultural events and exhibits traditionally
\nbelong to the Olympic Games<\/td>\n		278<\/td>\n24.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
There is no relationship at all<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The researchers also asked about the sources information about the cultural
\nprogram that was promoted: Before the Olympic Games<\/p>\n

    \n
  • In Salt Lake City<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The chart of examples below shows that mass media provided information
    \nwell, but the publicity of travel agencies and even at the local tourist
    \nsites (posters e.g.) could have been more effective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Sources of information
    \nand promotional material about the cultural program (before the
    \nOlympic Games)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    _<\/td>\nN=<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Magazines and newspapers<\/td>\n472<\/td>\n41.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Television and radio reports<\/td>\n498<\/td>\n44.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Travel agency<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    No information at all<\/td>\n151<\/td>\n13.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Sources of information
    \nand promotional material about the cultural program (in Salt Lake
    \nCity)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    _<\/td>\nN=<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Newspapers<\/td>\n463<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Program guide<\/td>\n394<\/td>\n34.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Poster and placard (e.g. in hotel)<\/td>\n138<\/td>\n12.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Travel guide<\/td>\n112<\/td>\n9.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    No information at all<\/td>\n167<\/td>\n14.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    The empirical investigation shows a high growing interest of Olympic
    \nspectators and tourists in the Olympic Arts Festival. In comparison to
    \nOlympic Games in the past the frequency of persons who did agree to the
    \nstatement: \u201cThe Olympic idea combines sport and art\u201d have
    \nbeen:<\/p>\n

    – Barcelona 1992: 39.9%<\/p>\n

    – Atlanta 1996: 23.1%<\/p>\n

    – Sydney 2000: 72.1%<\/p>\n

    – Salt Lake City 2002: 83.5%<\/p>\n

    However, the spectators asked were very different groups due to the
    \nfact that mainly national spectators attend the Games.<\/p>\n

    The empirical results show that the spectators are aware that the Olympic
    \nIdea combines sport and art. However, only half of the spectators rate
    \nthe cultural Olympiad in Salt Lake City as very important or important
    \nand 44% of the biathlon spectators visited cultural events. This research
    \nis part of a long term research project on cultural Olympiads that started
    \nin Barcelona 1992. Various publications were made by the Research Team
    \nOlympia ( www.sport.uni-mainz.de\/Olympia)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Submitted by: Dr. Norbert Mueller, Dr. Manfred Messing, Dr. Holger Preuss, Michael Desch and Marc Buchwalder<\/div>\n

    The XIX. Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City 2002 seemed to be a
    \n great success for the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). Consequently,
    \n Research Team Olympia from the University of Mainz\/Germany had favorable
    \n conditions for an empirical investigation of the spectators at the biathlon
    \n venue “Soldier Hollow”. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[290,293,291,296],"tags":[27,8,70,71],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-3A","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":245,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/letter-to-the-editor-the-sport-journal-pierre-de-coubertin-arts-administrator\/","url_meta":{"origin":222,"position":0},"title":"Letter to the Editor – The Sport Journal Pierre de Coubertin, arts administrator","date":"September 8, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Raymond T. 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