{"id":136,"date":"2008-02-15T15:46:18","date_gmt":"2008-02-15T15:46:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-10-14T11:27:22","modified_gmt":"2016-10-14T16:27:22","slug":"effects-of-creatine-supplementation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/effects-of-creatine-supplementation\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Power of Female Volleyball Players"},"content":{"rendered":"
Submitted by: Jon YeanSub Lim, Northern State University<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/p>\n

This study investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on the body composition, muscular strength, and power of 36 female collegiate volleyball players across 10 weeks of training . The 19-\u00a0to 26-year-olds were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to either a creatine treatment group (CT) (n <\/em>= 18) or placebo control group (PC) (n<\/em> = 18). During an initial loading phase comprising 5 days, the CT group ingested 5 g of creatine 4 times\u00a0each day; during the maintenance phase that followed, CT group members consumed 5 g of creatine once a day. The PC group followed the same administration schedule but consumed a glucose placebo. All 36 athletes participated in a conditioning program focusing on weight training and plyometric training. Measures were taken before administration of creatine began, and also at the conclusion of the study, of body weight, lean body mass, percentage of\u00a0body fat, 1-repetition-maximum bench press capacity, and vertical jump (VJ) ability.\u00a0For both groups,\u00a0bench press and VJ results improved significantly during the study, though improvement among members of the CT group was significantly greater than among the PC group, p<\/em> < 0.05. Further, the CT group had significantly greater gains in body weight and lean body mass, with no change in body fat. The findings suggest that creatine supplementation in conjunction with a good conditioning program can improve athletic performance in female collegiate volleyball players.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Power\u00a0of Female Volleyball Players<\/p>\n

Athletes have continuously sought elixirs to enhance their performance. Their use of oral creatine supplementation\u00a0for this purpose\u00a0has become increasingly popular in recent years. Creatine is an amino acid compound. Of the human body’s supply of creatine, approximately 95% is in skeletal muscles and about 5% is stored in the heart, the brain, and,\u00a0 in males, the\u00a0testes (Walker, 1979). Creatine is synthesized by the liver, kidneys, and pancreas, with additional supply obtained by consuming fish, meat, and other animal products. It is converted to phosphocreatine, which is necessary to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During short-term high-intensity exercise, phosphocreatine is a primary source of energy for APT resynthesis.<\/p>\n

Numbers of prior scientific studies show creatine supplementation to significantly increase creatine concentrations in skeletal muscle, a condition that accelerates phosphocreatine resynthesis (Balsom et al., 1995; Casey et al., 1996; Greenhaff et al., 1993; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992). As a result of creatine supplementation, increased muscle creatine enhances athletic performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise (Haff et al., 2000; Stout et al., 1999). Creatine supplementation also delays the onset of fatigue and facilitates recovery during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (Greenhaff et al., 1993; Hultman et al., 1990). Supplementation with creatine also has ergogenic effects on muscular strength and power (Bosco et al., 1997). Finally, creatine supplementation significantly increases body mass, with increased fat-free mass (Earnest et al., 1995; Kreider, Ferreira,\u00a0et al., 1998; Kreider, Klesges, et al., 1996; Vandenberghe et al., 1997).<\/p>\n

Although in growing numbers of studies creatine supplementation has been found to enhance performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise, most studies have involved short-term supplementation and have not investigated supplementation in\u00a0sports-specific settings. There have been few studies, for example, of creatine supplementation\u00a0among\u00a0female collegiate volleyball players.<\/p>\n

Method<\/p>\n

Participants<\/em>
\nThe study sample was 36 female collegiate volleyball players who had not supplemented with creatine within\u00a0the 6 months preceding the data collection. The players\u00a0(age = 20.6 \u00b1 1.73 years, weight = 58.0 \u00b1 2.2 kg, height = 176 + 8 cm) volunteered to participate in the investigation. All were currently engaged in resistance training and had 1 or more years of resistance training experience; all continued to train 3 times per week\u00a0during the experimental period. Each participant completed a medical history, a lifestyle inventory,\u00a0a training inventory, and an informed consent form before participating in the study. All procedures complied with human subject guidelines established by the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the American Physiological Society. Participants were required to maintain their normal training, physical activity patterns, and dietary regimens throughout the study.<\/p>\n

Experimental Design<\/em>
\nThe 19-\u00a0to 26-year-old athletes\u00a0were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to either a creatine treatment group (CT) (n <\/em>= 18) or placebo control group (PC) (n<\/em> = 18) group. During an initial loading phase comprising 5 days, the CT group ingested 5 g of creatine 4 times\u00a0each day; during the maintenance phase that followed, CT group members consumed 5 g of creatine once a day. The creatine supplements were measured in 5-g quantities and placed in generic capsules coded for identification. The PC group followed the same administration schedule but consumed a glucose placebo. All 36 subjects participated in a conditioning program focusing on weight training and plyometric training.<\/p>\n

Pre- and post-experiment testing determined body weight, lean body mass, percentage of\u00a0body fat, 1-repetition-maximum bench press capacity, and vertical jump (VJ) ability.\u00a0The bench press test using free weight constituted a of measure muscular strength. The vertical jump test was administered to measure muscular power. Body density was determined using the hydrostatic weighing technique. Body fat percentage and fat-free mass were calculated\u00a0based on\u00a0the body density values.<\/p>\n

Statistical analyses were completed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) (version 9.0). A one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to make comparisons, both between groups and over time, of the measures for bench press, vertical jump, body weight, percentage of\u00a0body fat, and lean body mass. Statistical significance was accepted at an alpha level of p<\/em> < 0.05. Values presented in the results are means \u00b1 SD<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Results<\/p>\n

Table 1 summarizes the results observed in terms of muscular strength and power measurements. Statistical analysis demonstrated that both the creatine treatment group and placebo group experienced statistically significant improvement in bench press and vertical jump after 10 weeks of training (see Figure 1). However, for both tests, the creatine treatment group improved to an extent that was, statistically speaking, more significant than the improvement shown by the control group\u00a0(p<\/em> < 0.05).<\/p>\n

Table 1<\/p>\n

2 Groups’ Pre- and Post-Experiment Measurements, Bench Press\/Strength and Vertical Jump\/Power
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nPlacebo Group (n<\/em> = 18)<\/td>\nCreatine Group (n <\/em>= 18)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bench Press
\nPre
\nPost<\/td>\n		 
\n47.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.8 kg>
\n50.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.8 kg*<\/td>\n		 
\n47.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0 kg
\n55.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0 kg*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vertical Jump
\nPre
\nPost<\/td>\n		 
\n49.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.6 cm
\n50.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7 cm*\u2026<\/td>\n		 
\n49.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6 cm
\n52.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.1 cm*\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Note. <\/em>Values are means\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD<\/em>; n<\/em> = number of subjects. Bench press used was 1-repetition-maximum.
\n*Significant improvement, p<\/em> < 0.05
\n\u2026Significant treatment effect compared with placebo, p <\/em>< 0.05<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\n\n\n
\"Bench<\/td>\n\"Vertical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Figure1. Results of bench press and vertical jump measurements<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pre- and post-experiment measures of the players’ body weight, percentage of\u00a0body fat, and lean body mass are presented in Table 2. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the CT group’s gains in\u00a0body weight and lean body\u00a0mass\u00a0were greater than the PC group’s, to a statistically significant degree, with no change in percentage\u00a0of\u00a0body fat (p<\/em> < 0.05). In the PC group, no statistically significant differences were observed between the pre- and post-experiment measures of\u00a0body weight, percentage of\u00a0body fat, and lean body mass .<\/p>\n

Table 2<\/p>\n

2 Groups’ Pre- and Post-Experiment Measurements, Body Composition<\/em><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/td>\nPlacebo Group\u00a0(n<\/em> = 18)<\/strong><\/td>\nCreatine Group\u00a0(n<\/em> =1 8)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Body Weight<\/strong>
\nPre<\/strong>
\nPost<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n63.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.1 kg<\/strong>
\n65.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.0 kg*<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n64.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.9 kg<\/strong>
\n66.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7 kg*<\/strong>\u2026<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Percentage Body Fat <\/strong>
\nPre<\/strong>
\nPost<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n17.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2%<\/strong>
\n18.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1%<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n17.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2%<\/strong>
\n17.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lean Body Mass<\/strong>
\nPre<\/strong>
\nPost<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n52.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6 kg<\/strong>
\n53.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4 kg*<\/strong><\/td>\n		 
\n53.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.3 kg<\/strong>
\n56.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6 kg*\u2026<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note. <\/em>Values are means\u00a0<\/strong>\u00b1\u00a0SD<\/em>; n = <\/em>\u00a0number of subjects.
\n*Significant improvement, p<\/em> < 0.05
\n\u2026Significant treatment effect compared with placebo, p<\/em> < 0.05<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Discussion<\/p>\n

The present results support the findings of previous studies suggesting that creatine supplementation, in conjunction with a good conditioning program, can significantly increase muscular strength and power, to an extent that conditioning programs alone do not match (Haff et al., 2000; Stout et al., 1999). A number of mechanisms have been offered in explanation. First, creatine supplementation increases creatine and phosphocreatine concentration in skeletal muscle, which appears to be directly related to enhancement of\u00a0force development (Balsom et al., 1995; Casey et al., 1996; Greenhaff et al., 1993; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992). Enhanced ability to meet high demand for ATP during maximal exercise may help explain the improvement in muscular strength and power.<\/p>\n

The present study’s finding of an increase in lean body mass and body weight with creatine supplementation is consistent with other studies\u00a0 (Earnest et al., 1995; Haff et al., 2000; Kreider, Ferreira,\u00a0et al., 1998; Kreider, Klesges, et al., 1996; Vandenberghe et al., 1997). Two potential mechanisms underlying such increase have been proposed: an increase in total body water and increased synthesis of myofibrillar protein (Bessman & Savabi, 1990).<\/p>\n

The findings of the present study suggest that creatine supplementation in conjunction with a good conditioning program can be effective in improving athletic performance in female collegiate volleyball players. Further research, however,\u00a0is needed concerning, specifically, long-term creatine supplementation and its effects.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

Balsom, P., Ekblom, B., Sjodin, B., & Hultman, E. (1993). Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 3,<\/em> 143-149.<\/p>\n

Bessman, S. P., & Savabi, F. (1990). The role of the phosphocreatine energy shuttle in exercise and muscle hypertrophy. In A. W. Taylor, P. Gollnick, & H. Green (Eds.), Biochemistry of Exercise VII <\/em>(pp. 167-178). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.<\/p>\n

Casey, A., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Howell, D., Hultman, E., & Greenhaff, P. (1996). Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 271, <\/em>E31-37.<\/p>\n

Earnest, C., Snell, P., Rodriguez, R., Almada, A., & Mitchell, T. (1995). The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 153, <\/em>207-209.<\/p>\n

Greenhaff, P., Casey, A., Short, A., Harris, R., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1993). Influence of oral creatine supplementation on muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man. Clinical Science, 84,<\/em> 565-571.<\/p>\n

Haff, G., Kirksey, B., Stone, M., Warren, B., Johnson, R., Stone, M.,\u00a0et al. \u00a0(2000). The effect of 6 weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation on dynamic rate of force development. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14<\/em>(4), 426-433.<\/p>\n

Harris, R., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science, 83,<\/em> 367-374.<\/p>\n

Hultman, E., Bergstrom, J., Spriet, L., & Soderlund, K. (1990). Energy metabolism and fatigue. In A. Taylor, P. Gollnick, & H. Green (Eds.), Biochemistry of Exercise VII <\/em>(pp. 73-92). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.<\/p>\n

Kreider, R., Ferreira, M., Wilson, M., Grindstaff, P., Plisk, S., Reinhardy, J., et al. (1998). Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength and sprint performance. Medicine\u00a0and Science in Sports\u00a0and Exercise, 30,<\/em> 73-82.<\/p>\n

Kreider, R., Klesges, R., Harmon, K., Grindstaff, P., Ramsey, L., Bullen, D., et al. (1996). Effects of ingesting supplements designed to promote lean tissue accretion on body composition during resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, <\/em>234-246.<\/p>\n

Stout, J. R., Eckerson, J., Noonan, D., Moore, G., & Cullen, D. (1999). Effects of 8 weeks of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and fat-free weight in football players during training. Nutrition Research, 19, <\/em>217-225.<\/p>\n

Vandenberghe, K., Goris, M., Van Hecke, P., Van Leemputte, M., Vangerven, L., & Hespel, P. (1997). Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, <\/em>2055-2063.<\/p>\n

Author Note<\/p>\n

Jon YeanSub Lim, Department of Health and Physical Education, Northern State University.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Submitted by: Jon YeanSub Lim, Ed.D., Department of Health and Physical Education, Northern State University<\/div>\n


\n Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

The
\n purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creatine
\n supplementation on body composition, muscular strength, and
\n power during 10 weeks of training in female collegiate volleyball
\n players. Thirty-six athletes (19 – 26 years old) were randomly
\n assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a creatine treatment
\n (CT, n=18) group or a placebo control (PC, n=18) group. The
\n CT group ingested 5 g of Cr four times a day for five days
\n for the initial loading phase and consumed 5 g of Cr once
\n a day for the maintenance phase. The PC group followed the
\n same supplementation schedule but was given a glucose placebo.
\n All 36 subjects participated in a conditioning program focusing
\n on weight training and plyometric training regardless of their
\n assigned experimental group. Pre- and post-testing was conducted
\n on body weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, 1 repetition
\n maximum (1RM) bench press, and vertical jump (VJ) test.
\n Testing revealed that 1RM bench press and VJ had significant
\n improvement in both groups; the CT group increased significantly
\n more than the PC group (p<0.05). Further, the CT group
\n had significantly greater gains in body weight and lean body
\n mass with no change in percent body fat. These findings suggests
\n that creatine supplementation in conjunction with a good conditioning
\n program can be effective in improving the athletic performance
\n in female collegiate volleyball players.\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[292,296],"tags":[27,48,8,47],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4btio-2c","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":428,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/usefulness-of-bioelectrical-impedance-in-the-prediction-of-vo2max-in-healthy-men-and-women\/","url_meta":{"origin":136,"position":0},"title":"Usefulness of Bioelectrical Impedance in the Prediction of VO2max in Healthy Men and Women","date":"July 27, 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"Jordan R. Moon, Vincent J. Dalbo, Michael D. Roberts, Chad M. Kerksick, and Jeffrey R. Stout ### Abstract VO2max is an invaluable measure for the assessment of aerobic fitness; however, to yield accurate results direct assessment requires costly equipment, trained investigators, and that the participant produce a maximal effort to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3334,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-safety-and-effectiveness-of-supplement-use-in-aviation\/","url_meta":{"origin":136,"position":1},"title":"The Safety and Effectiveness of Supplement Use in Aviation","date":"October 9, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Thomas E. Sather, CAsP (1) , Conrad L. Woolsey (2), Fred Cromartie (3), Marion W. 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Lawson is an undergraduate research assistant and student at Northern Arizona University. Julia C. Gardner is a research coordinator with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Research"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2725,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/effect-of-national-level-field-hockey-on-physical-fitness-and-body-composition-parameters-in-turkish-females\/","url_meta":{"origin":136,"position":3},"title":"Effect of National-Level Field Hockey on Physical Fitness and Body Composition Parameters In Turkish Females","date":"May 8, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Y\u0131lmaz Ucan1, Ph.D* 1* Abant Izzet Baysal University, School of Physical Education and Sports Y\u0131lmaz Ucan, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Coaching Science at the Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey.\u00a0 ABSTRACT To be successful in field sports such as soccer, rugby, football and hockey,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"table1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/table1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":178,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-effect-of-a-plyometrics-program-intervention-on-skating-speed-in-junior-hockey-players\/","url_meta":{"origin":136,"position":4},"title":"The Effect of a Plyometrics Program Intervention on Skating Speed in Junior Hockey Players","date":"March 3, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by: Kelly L. Lockwood & Patrick Brophey Abstract Few studies have been conducted to examine the effects of plyometrics on skating speed in junior hockey players. The present study was designed to look at the effects of a 4-week, eight session, plyometric training program intervention on skating speed. Six\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1821,"url":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/differences-of-body-dimensions-in-female-volleyball-players-cadets-in-relation-to-volleyball-playing-position-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":136,"position":5},"title":"Differences of body dimensions in female volleyball players (cadets) in relation to volleyball playing position","date":"April 24, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Submitted by Aleksandra Vujmilovi\u0107 and Tamara Karali\u0107 ABSTRACT This research presents a test of the hypothesis that there are differences in morphological characteristics, which affect effective realization of the elements of the game, which are influenced by many factors from the area of anthropological status of the volleyball players. The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Contemporary Sports Issues"","img":{"alt_text":"Capture","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Capture1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4422,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions\/4422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}